Middle Ages Timeline Early Middle Ages 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages

Background 1000, new spiritual revival begins ● Reformers return to basic teachings of Church ● Middle Ages earns new nickname – The Age of Faith. ● What other names were given to the Middle Ages?

Christianity During the Middle Ages ● Missionaries spread Christianity through Western Europe ● Monasteries – religious communities for men ● Convents – women (Nuns) ● Monks ● opened schools, ● maintained libraries ● copied books ● Illuminated Manuscripts

Gregory I & Papal Power ● Broadens power of Papacy (pope’s office) ● Papacy became more Secular (non-church) ● involved in political/ worldly matters ● Church money used for political/administrative purposes

Problems in Church? ● 1.Priests ● 1.marrying & raising children ● 2.Simony ● 1.Bishops selling church positions. ● 3.Lay Investiture ● 1. Kings gain control of Church’s Bishops ● 1.give them symbols of their position PLeaSe Help!! P = Priests L = Lay Investiture S = Simony

Simony Hey…can I have that church position now?

Lay Investiture Layperson = member of church who is NOT clergy.

New Reforms to solve Problems. 1.New types of Monasteries 2.Restructuring of Church 3.New order of Traveling Monks

New Types of Monasteries ● 1.The Benedictine Monastery ● 1.Virtue ● 1.Ideas spread ● 2.Inspire Pope to make changes

Restructuring of the Church Church restructured to resemble kingdom ● Papal Curia (Pope’s advisors) ● acted as a court ● Canon Law ● laws dictated marriage & religious practices ● Diplomats ● traveled Europe spreading Papal power & influence ● Tithes ● (usually 10%) ● money to support hospitals & aid the poor

Traveling Monks ● Friars ● Spread Christian ideas to the poor ● Two groups of Friars ● 1. Franciscans ● 2. Dominicans

Church Architecture ● Represented wealth of Church ● Cathedrals ● (“Church of the Bishop”) ● Style of architecture moved from Romanesque style to new style - Gothic ● Gothic architecture ● Stained Glass windows ● Height of the tall spires ● Elaborate woodwork

The Crusades - Facts ● 1095 – 1291 ● 7 major crusades ● 1 st crusade - regain Holy Land ● Religious motives & Economic goals (5:37)

The First Crusade ● 1095 – 1144 ● Called by Pope Urban II ● Byzantine emperor asks for help in protecting empire from Muslim Turks ● Most crusaders French but…include Germans, English, Scots, Italians, & Spaniards

First Crusade ● Ill-prepared. ● Crusaders capture Jerusalem on July 15, 1099 ● Capture 400 mile stretch of land ● 4 Crusader States established ● 1144, northern state of Edessa recaptured by Turks

The Second Crusade ● 1145 – 1187 ● Organized to recapture city of Edessa ● Crusaders defeated by Muslims under leadership of Saladin. ● Saladin & Muslims recapture Jerusalem (3:07)

The Third Crusade ● ● Led by 3 powerful European Kings; ● Philip Augustus/France ● Fredrick I (Barbarossa)/Germany ● Richard the Lionheart/England ● Only one to reach Jerusalem ● Treaty signed ● Muslims kept control of Jerusalem ● unarmed Christians could make pilgrimages to holy sites in city (3:22)

The Fourth Crusade ● 1198 ● Pope Innocent III calls to re-capture Jerusalem ● Knights became involved in Italian economics & Byzantine politics ● Led to looting of Constantinople ● Deeper riff between Catholic Church & Eastern Orthodox Church (1:34)

Later Crusades ● Less about religion - more about adventure & personal wealth ● Crusades in N. Africa for 1 st time ● The Children’s Crusade ● children died on route or kidnapped & sold into slavery

The Spanish Crusade ● Muslims called Moors in Spain ● Reconquista – ● Effort to drive Muslims out of Spain ( ‘Reconquer Spain’) ● pushed into small kingdom (Granada) ● 1492, Granada conquered by Christian army of Spanish monarchs – Ferdinand & Isabella.

The Spanish Crusade ● Spain had Jews & Muslims ● convert to Christianity (escape persecution) ● To make Christian nation, Ferdinand & Isabella hold Inquisition ● tribunal held by Church to suppress HERESY (failure to follow Church’s teachings) ● People unfairly accused & often burned at the stake

The Crusades ● Causes ● 1.Christians wanted Holy Land ● 2.Byzantine Emp. asks for Help ● 3.Pope appeals to Christian knights ● 4.Knights desire adventure ● 5.Italian cities desire commercial power ● Effects ● 1.Byzantine Emp. Weakens ● 2.Pope’s power declines ● 3.Feudalism weakens ● 4.Kings b/c stronger ● 5.Religious intolerance grows ● 6.Italian cities expand ● 7.Trade grows btwn. Europe & Muslim World ● 8.European technology improves thru contact w/ Muslims