COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE TRUTH TABLES AND LOGIC GATES

TRUTH TABLES & LOGIC GATES What is a truth table? What is a gate? Concept of AND gate Concept of OR gate Exclusive OR Concept of NOT gate Concept of NAND gate Concept of NOR gate Exclusive NOR

What is a truth table? A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic – specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean functions etc. Truth tables are used to tell whether a propositional expression is true for all legitimate inputs.

Truth table image Truth tables are used to show the function of a logic gate i.e. inputs and corresponding outputs.

What is a gate? A gate is used to describe a circuit that performs a basic logic operation. The commonest use of logic elements is to act as switches, although they have no moving parts. They open to pass on a pulse of electricity or close to shut it off

Types of gates These are the types of gates they are AND gate OR gate Exclusive OR NOT gate NAND gate NOR gate Exclusive NOR

Symbol of the AND gate Composed of two or more inputs and a single output usually indicated by the respective symbol below.

Concept of the AND gate The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB

AND gate TRUTH TABLE

Symbol of the OR gate This has two or more inputs and one output as indicated below;

Concept of the OR gate The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

OR gate TRUTH TABLE

Symbol of the NOT gate A NOT gate can only have one input. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.

Concept of the NOT gate The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output.

NOT gate TRUTH TABLE

Concept of the NAND gate The NAND gate is a popular logic element, because it can be used as a universal gate; that is NAND gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations.

Symbol of the NAND gate This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

NAND gate TRUTH TABLE

Concept of the NOR gate The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, is a useful logic element because it can also be used as a universal gate This means that the NOR gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and the inverter operations.

Concept of the NOR gate The NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function with an inverted (complemented) output. The NOR gate produces a LOW output when any of its inputs is HIGH. Only when ALL the inputs are LOW is the output HIGH.

Symbol of NOR gate

NOR gate TRUTH TABLE

Concept of the Exclusive-OR gate The exclusive-OR gate are formed by a combination of other gates. The exclusive-OR is treated as basic logic elements with their own symbols. The exclusive-OR gate has only TWO inputs

Symbol of the Exclusive-OR gate

Concept of the Exclusive-OR gate The output of an exclusive –OR gate is HIGH only when the TWO inputs are at opposite logical levels. This means that when both inputs differ a 1 is given Exclusive-OR gates connected to form an adder circuit allow a computer to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in the ALU. The Exclusive-OR gate is implemented with the basic logic circuits of AND, OR, AND NOT.

Exclusive-OR gate TRUTH TABLE

Concept of the Exclusive-NOR gate The exclusive-NOR has only TWO inputs. The output is opposite that of the XOR gate. When the TWO inputs logical level are opposite, the output of the XNOR gate is low

Symbol of the Exclusive-NOR gate

Exclusive-NOR gate TRUTH TABLE

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