+ Multi-Point Perspective Art 120 Drawing 1

+ Basic Vocabulary Baseline: the imaginary line on which an object or group of objects sit Converge/Laws of Convergence: come together, meet/orthogonal lines will appear to converge at a vanishing point Diagonal Lines: straight lines that are at an angle Ellipses: curvilinear forms in perspective Forms VS Shapes in Perspective: square/cube; rectangle/box; circle/sphere; triangle/pyramid; oval/ellipse; cylinder Foreshortening: a technique for producing the illusion of an object’s extension into space by contracting its form Horizontal Lines: straight lines that extend to the left & right Horizon Line/Eye Level: The apparent intersection of the sky and earth/The imaginary horizontal line parallel to the viewer’s eyes

+ Basic Vocabulary Orthogonal Lines: Parallel lines that appear to converge at the horizon Parallel Lines: lines that run together but never intersect Perpendicular: are lines that intersect at right angles (90 o ) to each other Perspective Center: The center of a box in perspective Proportion: comparative relationship between parts of a whole and between the parts and the whole Scale: size and weight relationships between forms Vanishing Point: the spot on the horizon line (or y-axis for 3pt) that orthogonal lines converge upon Vertical Lines: straight lines that extend upward or downward

+ Linear Perspective Concepts Geometric/Linear Perspective is a system for depicting three- dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface 1-point perspective: All orthogonal lines converge at one point on the horizon line 2-point perspective: All orthogonal lines converge at two points on the horizon line 3-point perspective: In addition to receding to two points on the horizon, lines parallel and vertical to the ground appear to converge to a third vertical vanishing point. Laws of Convergence: Every object observed appears to become smaller as it moves away from one’s view. All parallel lines moving away from the viewer will appear to converge, and will eventually meet at an infinite point, a vanishing point. As objects move back in space the objects themselves and the space between them will appear to get smaller and compress.

+ Overview Perspective in art is used to provide the illusion of depth in a two dimensional (2D) work of art. There are several ways in which the illusion of depth are created Overlapping – Objects that are placed in front of each other provide the viewer information about which is closer. Relative size – The closer an object is to the viewer, the closer it appears Atmospheric Perspective - As an object gets farther from the viewer, it: Becomes less in focus Has less intense color Has less of its original colors, and looks more blue (or in a polluted city a brownish orange) Linear Perspective – A system of rules that uses lines to provide the artist with information about how an object should appear in space

+ Defining Perspective First studies of linear perspective attributed to Leon Battista Aberti and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi in the 15 th century. They demonstrated that space could be articulated mathematically to express depth Perspective mimics the way the eye sees space and objects in space. Linear vs intuitive perspective; drawing perspective “by eye” without using geometric rules. Atmospheric perspective: the effect produced by diffusion of light in the atmosphere whereby more distant objects have less clarity of outline and are lighter in tone.

+ Linear vs. Intuitive

+ What is Linear Perspective? A form of perspective in drawing and painting in which parallel lines are represented as converging so as to give the illusion of depth and distance One Point Perspective: a single vanishing point Two Point Perspective: two vanishing points Three Point Perspective: three vanishing points Multiple Point Perspective: multiple vanishing points

+ 2-Point Perspective

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+ Anselm Kiefer

+ 2-Point Perspective Edward Hopper

+ Perspective Center Perspective center is the center of objects at their center within perspective It’s important to locate the perspective center in order to locate and draw other objects within that box.

+ Drawing Ellipses What is an Ellipse? An ellipse is simply a circle seen in perspective. This is an important concept to keep in mind. An ellipse, therefore, must conform to the same rules as a circle - it consists of arcs, it contains no straight lines and, if divided into quarters, each segment is identical to the other three.

+ Properties of an Ellipse

+ Cylinders In Perspective

+ Ellipses within Ellipses When drawing a round, hollow object with walls having a substantial thickness, such as a terracotta flowerpot. In this particular case you need to draw just the top half of the outer ellipse and to shift the inner ellipse slightly higher to account for perspective (the rear wall is further away than the front so a is narrower than b). The lower half of the outer ellipse needs to be "seen" only in your mind as it is solely defined by the lighting and shadow of the front face.

+ Putting it together

+ 3-Point Perspective Worm’s View

+ 3-Point Perspective Bird’s Eye View

+ 3-Point Perspective

+ M.C. Escher.

+ Multiple Perspectives

+ Aerial Perspective

+ Student Work

+ 1-Point Perspective

+ 2-Point Perspective

+ 3-Point Perspective