FUTURE CITY PROJECT Distribution and Use of Energy Mark Casto/ Program Staff EMBHSSC
U.S. ENERGY USE
Power Systems
NATIONAL GRID CONTROL CENTER
U.S. POWER GRID
ENERGY CONVERSION DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY (HYDRO, NUCLEAR, GAS, WIND, SOLAR, THERMAL, ETC.) ARE CONVERTED TO ELECTRICAL FORM BY TURBINE/GENERATOR SETS. A.C. GENERATOR TURBINE ENERGY SOURCE ELECTRICAL ENERGY
TURBINE GENERATOR
STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR
HYDRO TURBINE GENERATOR
GENERATOR OUTPUT
What is load? MOTORS (ROTATING MACHINES) LIGHTS APPLIANCES, ELECTRONICS HEATING / COOLING ETC.
RESIDENTIAL LOADS
SEASONAL LOAD PROFILES
Power System Operation DAILY LOAD CYCLE REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIME POWER MORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT
Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT
Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT
Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT
Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT
Power System Operation OPTION 1: STORE ENERGY AND USE IT LATER BULK ENERGY STORAGE IS EXPENSIVE PUMPED HYDRO (long term) SUPER-CAPACITORS FLYWHEEL STORAGE
Power System Operation PUMPED STORAGE:
Power System Operation OPTION 2: SHIFT LOAD TO SHAVE THE PEAK PRICE RESPONSIVE LOADS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT TIME-OF-DAY PRICING CONGESTION PRICING SMART METERS
RENEWABLE SOURCES WIND: STRONG MOSTLY IN THE EVENING WHEN THE LOAD IS LOW MIDDLE OF THE COUNTRY, AND OFF-SHORE SOLAR: EFFECTIVE DURING THE DAY SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES
Power System Operation CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES: PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES, HIGH CHARGING DEMAND MOBILE / DISTRIBUTED STORAGE
SOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR POWER TOWER
MIRRORS/LENSES FOCUSING SUNLIGHT INTO A BEAM
WIND TURBINES
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
US Wind Resources
US SOLAR RESOURCE MAP
US Population Map /
We are all connected. – Low penetration of renewable energy sources – Dominated by inflexible AC transmissions; large capacity margin – Load variability only; generation following load – Limited situational awareness; mostly local control
Today’s Challege: Generating the most power from a solar cell placed on a house roof top.
Where do we find solar cells? 1-34
How does a solar cell work? 1-35
Continued… 1-36
How are solar cells arranged? 1-37
What angle works best? Today you will: Build a cardboard house. Place a solar panel on it’s roof at some angle. Measure your houses solar output. Graph the data (angle of roof vs. solar out put) Discuss the results. 1-38
Graphing Your Data 1-39