CHS AP Psychology Unit 3: Biological Psychology Essential Task 3-5a.Describe the subdivisions and functions of the Central Nervous System A. Brain i. Brain Stem Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Thalamus ii. Limbic System Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and the Hippocampus iii. Cerebral Cortex (Left and Right Hemispheres and the corpus callosum) Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and the Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex Wernicke's Area and Broca's Area B. Spinal Cord

Essential Task 3-5: CNS A. Brain i. Brain Stem Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Thalamus ii. Limbic System Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and the Hippocampus iii. Cerebral Cortex (Left and Right Hemispheres and the corpus callosum) Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and the Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory CortexWernicke's Area and Broca's Area B. Spinal Cord Outline

The Brain Stem (Automatic Functions) Brain StructurePrimary FunctionSecondary Function MedullaRespiration, blood pressure, heart rate Vomiting PonsPuts you to sleep Reticular FormationAttention, regulates awareness CerebellumBalance and coordination ThalamusDirects sensory information to the rest of the brain

4 Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

5 Brain Stem The Medulla [muh-DUL- uh] is the base of the brainstem It controls autonomic functions and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord.autonomicbrainspinal cord respiration blood pressure heart rate reflex arcs vomiting

6 Brain Stem Pons and inside that the (Reticular Formation) is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep. The Reticular Formation controls: Attention Cardiac Reflexes Motor Functions Regulates Awareness Relays Nerve Signals to the Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex Sleep

7 Brain Stem The Medulla [muh- DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

8 Brain Stem The Thalamus [THAL- uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

9 The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. Cerebellum

Limbic System (Emotion Center) Brain StructurePrimary FunctionSecondary Function HypothalamusDrives: Hunger, Thirst, Sex Temperature control AmygdalaFight or Flight HippocampusSTM (short term memory) to LTM (long term memory)

11 The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The Limbic System

12 Amygdala The Amygdala [ah-MIG- dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

13 Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

14 Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward (hypothalamus) center (top picture). When the limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree (bottom picture). Reward Center Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

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Cerebral Cortex Brain StructurePrimary FunctionSecondary Function Occipital LobeVisual Processing Parietal LobeSpatial Reasoning Frontal LobeDecision Making Temporal LobeAuditory sensory information Motor CortexMovement Sensory CortexSensation Wernicke’s AreaUnderstanding Speech Broca’s AreaProducing Speech

17 The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).

19 Functions of the Cortex The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

Visual Function The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.

Auditory Function The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

22 More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex. Association Areas

Language Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

24 Specialization & Integration Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

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26 Fun with your Hemispheres Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the opposite foot in the other direction. –No problem since controlled by two hemispheres Now, rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the foot on the same side in the other direction.

Hemispheric Specialization Corpus Callosum –Fibers that connect the two hemispheres –Allow close communication between left and right hemisphere Each hemisphere appears to specialize in certain functions

Hemispheric Specialization People with intact brains also show left- right hemispheric differences in mental abilities. A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task.

Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Corpus Callosum

30 Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

31 Divided Consciousness