FIGURE 6.1 Worldwide distribution of coastal marshes and mangrove swamps. Source: After Chapman (1960). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day.

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FIGURE 6.1 Worldwide distribution of coastal marshes and mangrove swamps. Source: After Chapman (1960). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.2 Several common species of salt marsh plants. (a) Spartina alterniflora, (b) Spartina patens, (c) Juncus roemarinus, (d) Limonium carolinianum, and (e) Salicornia bigelovii. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.3 Average annual rainfall (mm) along the Gulf of Mexico coas. Source: From Smith and Monte (1975). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.4 Zonation of vegetation in southern New England salt marshes. Source: From Bertness and Pennings (2000). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.5 Factors affecting marsh biomass and production. Schematic of within-marsh variation in the height of Spartina alterniflora and the terms used to describe these height forms. See From Mendelssohn and Morris (2000) for further description of mechanisms. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.6 Seasonal patterns of aboveground live (green squares) and dead biomass (black dots) from three marshes in the Rhône Delta (France) dominated by different species. Source: From Ibáñez et al. (1999). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.7 Salt marsh aboveground primary productivity by a region in North America, north of Mexico. Source: From Mendelssohn and Morris (2000). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.8 Solar radiation, atmospheric CO 2 exchange, and tide height for Flax Pond. Source: From the Flax Pond ecosystem study: exchanges of CO 2 between a salt marsh and the atmosphere, Houghton and Woodwell, Ecology, 1980, 61, 1434–1445. Source: Copyright by the Ecological Society of America, reprinted by permission. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.9 Estimates of annual aboveground production calculated from several widely used techniques. Source: From Hopkinson, Gosselink, and Parrondo, production of coastal Louisiana marsh plants calculated from phenometric techniques, Ecology, 1980, 61, 1091–1098. Source: Copyright by the Ecological Society of America, reprinted by permission. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.10 Production of intertidal Spartina alterniflora versus mean tide range for various Atlantic coastal marshes: Long Island Sound, Narragansett Bay, North Carolina, and Georgia. Source: From Steever et al. (1976). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.11 Equilibrium combinations of (a) productivity and (b) depth below mean high tide (MHT) as functions of the rate of relative sea level rise, for estuaries characterized by (i) high and (ii) low sediment loading. The optimal depth is the depth below MHT that results in maximum productivity. Source: From Morris et al. (2002). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.12 Overview of the combined impacts of climate change, sediment deficit, and decreased runoff, presently existing in the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain). Source: From Ibáñez (2009). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 6.13 Wetland loss in the Mississippi delta. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~