Chemistry and Calculations Chemistry Honors

2 Accuracy & Precision Precision: how closely individual measurements compare with each other Accuracy: how closely individual measurements compare with the true or accepted value

Accurate or Precise? Precise! (but not too accurate) Ex: What is the temperature at which water boils? Measurements: 95.0°C, 95.1°C, 95.3°C True value: 100°C

Accurate or Precise? Accurate! (but not too precise) Ex: What is the temperature at which water freezes? Measurements: 0.2°C, 5.1°C, -5.0°C True value: 0.0°C

Accurate or Precise? Accurate & Precise (it’s time to go pro) Ex: What is the mass of one Liter of water? Measurements: kg, kg, kg True value: kg

Accurate or Precise? Not Accurate & Not Precise (don’t quit your day job) Ex: What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level? Measurements: atm, 0.25 atm, atm True value: 1.00 atm

 To measure the time for a pencil to fall, compare a wall clock and a stopwatch.  To measure the volume of a liquid, compare a beaker and a graduated cylinder. Uncertainty 42.1 mL: Two digits known (42) and one estimated (1). 41. mL: One digit known (4) and one estimated (1)

The stopwatch and graduated cylinder… Are more precise instruments (are more certain.) Give measurements that are known to more decimal places..

In a correctly reported measured value, the final digit is significant but not certain. If the number 31.2 is reported. 3 & 1 are known with certainty, the 2 is significant but uncertain. A more precise instrument will give more sig figs in its measurement Significant Figures (“sig figs”): All the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain.

When are digits “significant”? “PACIFIC” Decimal point is PRESENT. Count digits from left side, starting with the first nonzero digit. The “Atlantic-Pacific” Rule ft mL = 7 sig figs = 4 sig figs PACIFIC

When are digits “significant”? “ATLANTIC” Decimal point is ABSENT. Count digits from right side, starting with the first nonzero digit ft mL 3 sig figs = 1 sig fig = ATLANTIC

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

Decimal point present → “Pacific” → count digits from left, starting with first nonzero digit = 3 sig figs Decimal point absent → “Atlantic” → count digits from right, starting with first nonzero digit = 4 sig figs If number is obtained by counting, ex: 8 beakers, or is used in a conversion factor, ex: 1000 mm= 1 meter it is an exact number. = unlimited number of significant figures. Examples

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

P acific Ocean Decimal P resent! A tlantic Ocean Decimal A bsent! Significant Figures On The Left! On The Right!

Addition and Subtraction The answer has the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point as there are in the measurement having the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point. Ex: 56.31g – 14.1g = Answer must be rounded so has only one number to the right of the decimal point.

Multiplication and Division The answer has no more sig. figs. than are in the measurement with the fewest number of sig.figs. 7.2 cm X cm =58 cm 2 The answer can only have 2 sig. Figs.

2.4: Scientific Notation How important is a change in the power of 10?power of 10 Diameter of Earth’s orbit around the sun ≈ 100,000,000,000 m = 1.0*10 11 m Diameter of an atom ≈ = 1.0* m Clearly show the # of sig figs in a a measurement

1. Move the decimal point in the original number so that it is located to the right of the first nonzero digit. 2. Multiply the new number by 10 raised to the proper power that is equal to the number of places the decimal moved. The form is M x 10 n 3. If the decimal point moves:  To the left, the power of 10 is positive.  To the right, the power of 10 is negative. Writing in scientific notation

Write the following measurements in scientific notation, then record the number of sig figs g 2.96,875 mL J atm °C 7.89*10 2 g *10 4 mL 1.33*10 -5 J *10 0 atm 9.4*10 -1 °C 3 sig figs 5 sig figs 3 sig figs 4 sig figs 2 sig figs

When Adding & Subtracting All values must have same exponent Ex: 4.71 X 10 3 L+ 3.3 X 10 4 L = 4.71 X 10 3 L X 10 3 L = X 10 3 L OR.471X 10 4 L X 10 4 L =3.771 X 10 4 L Answer = 3.8 X 10 4 L Convert answer to appropriate scientific notation. Least number of places past decimal

Multiplication & Division Multiplication: the M factors are multiplied and the exponents are added Ex: (8.19 x 10 2 mm)(1.0 x 10 5 mm) = 8.2 x 10 7 mm 2 when length units multiplied, answer units is area Division: The M factors are divided, and the exponent of the denominator is subtracted from that of the numerator. Ex: 9.2 x 10 4 g = 9.2 g x g/mL 4.55 x 10 2 mL 4.55 mL

Rounding Rules: round at the last step in a multistep process Digit Following Last Digit Is… Change to Last Digit Example (Rounded to 3 Sig-Figs) Greater than 5Increase by g ==> 42.7 g Less than 5Stay the same17.32 m ==> 17.3 m 5, followed by nonzero #(s) Increase by cm ==> 2.79 cm 5, not followed by nonzero #(s), preceded by an odd # Increase by kg ==> 4.64 kg 5, not followed by nonzero #(s), preceded by an even # Stay the same78.65 mL ==> 78.6 mL

Système International d'Unités The metric system or Système International d'Unités (S.I.), was first organized in Paris as part of the French Revolution & adopted by France in At that time, the meter & kilogram were standardized. Every country in the world uses SI units except the USA, Myanmar, & Liberia. By 2009, all products sold in Europe must use the metric system. No dual-labeling will be permitted.

The Metric Prefixes PrefixSymbolValuePowerUse megaM1,000, megaton kilok1, kilometer decid decimate centic centipede millim millimeter micro  microscope nanon nanotechnology gigaG1,000,000, gigabyte

The Standard Units QuantityUnit nameAbbreviation lengthmeterm masskilogramkg temperaturekelvinK timeseconds (or sec) amountmolemol

More on S.I The S.I. unit for volume is the cubic meter (m 3 ). The Liter,not S.I. Unit, is defined as a cube measuring 1 decimeter on each side, or 1 dm 3, or 1000 cm 3. 1 cm 3 = 1 mL. The S.I. unit for mass is the kilogram, and is defined as the mass of 1 dm 3 of water at 4°C. 1 dm

What is a kelvin? The S.I. unit for temperature is the kelvin, and is defined as 1/100 of the temperature difference between the boiling point & freezing point of water at one atmosphere of pressure. The kelvin (K) and the degree Celsius (°C) are exactly the same size, although 1 degree Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to about 1.8°C. To convert: K = °C °F = (1.8 * °C) + 32 kelvin is based on water and absolute zero (the coldest temperature possible.)

What is density? Density (d) is the ratio of the mass (m) of a substance divided by its volume (V). density = mass / volume The most common units of density are: g/cm 3 or g/mL. 1 cm 3 = 1 mL The density of water is 1.0 g/mL at 4.0 ° C 1.0 g/mL 0.80 g/mL 1.2 g/mL

Percent Error Used to compare the accuracy of an individual or an average experimental value to the accepted value. Value acc – Value experimental X 100 Value acc Ex: What is the % error for a measurement of 46.1 g, given that the correct value is 45.9g?

Direct Proportions Equation Forms: OR

Indirect Proportions Equation Forms: OR

Dimensional Analysis A method for converting units Example: A sample has a mass of 1245 g; how many kg is that? 1.Determine a conversion factor between the original units and the required units. __?__ kg = __?__ g Recall that k = 1000 = So, 1 kg = 1000 g or kg = 1 g.

2.Change the conversion factor into a fraction gor1 kg 1 kg1000 g Similar to 5 = 5, so 5 / 5 = 1 or 10 = 10, so 10 / 10 = 1. You are creating a value equal to 1.

3.Multiply the original number and the conversion factor so that the original units “cancel.” 1245 gx1 kg= kg g

3.Multiply the original number and the conversion factor so that the original units “cancel.” 1245 gx1 kg= kg g

Practice Convert 1.65 L to mL. Convert 3.5 mm to m. Convert 2.00 L to quarts.(1 qt = 946 mL)