Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System THE HUMAN BODY

Epithelial Tissue Line or cover all body surfaces Protects, allows diffusion, reduces friction, assists in cleaning Tightly bound 3 basic types: squamous, cuboidal and columnar Squamous Lining of capillaries and alveoli Cuboidal Lining of Kidney tubes Columnar Lining of stomach, intestines

Connective Tissue Most abundant and diverse Binds, supports and protects structures Cells embedded protein fibers and large amounts of matrix –Intercellular substance –Solid, semisolid or liquid Ex: cartilage, tendons, fat and blood Loose Connective Dense Connective Cartilage

Muscle Tissue Cells that can contract 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac Smooth: individual cells, lines blood vessels and all organs, not striated Involuntary except for anus sphincter muscle which we learn to control Skeletal: attached to bone by tendons and ligaments No individual cells, striated, voluntary Mass of cytoplasm with numerous nuclei filled with actin and myosin Cardiac: heart, involuntary, striated

Nervous Tissue Cells (neurons) that receive and transmit messages Brain, spinal cord, nerves, retina of eye Coordinate voluntary/involuntary responses, response, regulation of body processes

Anterior Superior Inferior Posterior

Bones of the skull, ribs, spine and sternum Bones of the arms, legs, scapula, clavicle and pelvis 0 Adult Human Body has 206 bones O A baby has about 300 bones 0 Make up less than 20% of your body mass 0 Bones are not dry and rigid……. They are moist, living tissue! ***You have to memorize 25!!! (spelling counts)

cranium clavicle maxilla mandible sternum humerus ribs cervical vertebrae lumbar vertebrae sacral vertebrae pelvis ulna radius carpals metacarpals phalanges femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges pubis scapula

Periosteum: tough membrane that covers the surface Hard bone (compact): dense connective tissue-provides support Spongy Bone: network of separated connective tissues: makes them light and strong Yellow Bone Marrow: mostly fat-energy reserve Red Bone Marrow: production of blood and platelets Blood Vessels: supplies nutrients Periosteum (Red and Yellow)

Joints Fixed (Immovable): prevent movement. Small amount of connective tissue absorbs impact Ex: Skull Cartilaginous (Semimovable): permit limited movement Separated by disks of cartilaginous tissue to compress and absorb shock Ex: vertebral column, rib cage Synovial (movable): Ex: shoulder, hip, elbow, saddle, gliding

Osteoporosis Thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time –1 in 5 American women (over 50) –Fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body –Not enough calcium/phosphate

Arthritis Inflammation of joints Over 100 different types Breakdown of cartilage due to –Autoimmune disease –Broken bone –General wear and tear –infection

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscular System Myofibrils: bundle of threadlike structures Two types of protein (thick and thin) Myosin: thick Actin: thin Form overlapping pattern, gives striation Anchored at their endpoints to a Z line Sarcomere: one Z line to another Make up the bulk of the body

Muscle Contraction

Tendon: connects bone to muscle Origin: point at which the muscle attaches to the stationary bone Ex: bicep-scapula Insertion: point at which muscle attaches to the moving bone Ex: bicep-radius Muscles arranged in pairs Flexor: muscle that bends (biceps) Extensor: muscle that straightens (triceps) (Ligaments: bone to bone)

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