Russian Nationalism Ivan the Great to Peter the Great Moscow St. Petersburg

1.Mongols (Golden Horde) control Russia- use Russian aristocrats as servants and tax collectors (13 th – 16 th centuries). 2.Ivan III – stops acknowledging the Mongol khan. 3.Prince of Moscow = the Tsar Ivan III, the Great

1.Eastern Orthodoxy rejects the authority of the Roman Pope – Tsar is ultimate authority for the Russian Orthodox Church. 2.The tsars and boyars struggle over who rules the state. The tsar wins and creates a “service nobility” who held the tsar’s land on the condition that they serve in his army (tsar means Caesar-absolute ruler). Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow (Onion shaped domes are a striking example of powerful Byzantine influences on Russian culture.)

1.Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible – fights wars against Mongols, launches a reign of terror against boyar nobility, he murders leading boyars and confiscates their estates (no private property). 2.He monopolizes mining and business activity, he assumes he owned all trade as he owned all land. 3.Many peasants flee Ivan’s rule to the newly conquered territories forming outlaw armies called Cossacks. Ivan IV, the Terrible

1.Ivan IV kills his son. The Time of Troubles is caused by a dispute in the line of succession. 2.“Time of Troubles” – Increased pressured on the peasants to pay for his wars leads to a breakdown of the Muscovite state after Ivan IV’s death. 3.There is no heir; relatives of the tsar fight against each other. 4.Swedish & Polish armies invade Russia. 5.Cossack bands slaughter many nobles and officials. 6.Michael Romanov is elected tsar by the nobility in Michael Romanov

Peter the Great 1.Romanovs expand serfdom, while the military obligations on the nobility are relaxed. 2.The Church becomes dependent on the state for its authority. 3.Peter the Great – reforms the army and forces the nobility to serve in his bureaucracy or army for life. 4.Peter creates a western styled army, wins the Great Northern War against Sweden, and makes education away from home compulsory for higher classes.

Peter the Great 1.Peter borrows Western technology and hires Western advisors. 2.Russian peasant life becomes more harsh; serfdom ends in People replace land as the primary unit for determining taxation rates. 4.Serfs are arbitrarily assigned to work in factories and mines.

St. Petersburg, Baroque style (dramatic and emotional) grew out of an effort by the Catholic Church to attract followers-Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation). 2.Architecture played an important role in 18 th century politics because it was used by kings to enhance their image and awe their subjects (Royal Place, favorite expression of absolutist power).

St. Petersburg- “Window on the west” 1.Peter’s desire to create a modern, baroque city from which to rule Russia makes St. Petersburg one of the world’s largest and most influential city's. 2.St. Petersburg has broad, straight avenues, houses built in a uniform line, parks, canals and streetlights; each social group lives in a specific section of the city.

The Ottoman Empire

Growth of Austria

The Expansion of Russia to 1725