Chapter 6 & 7: The Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages The Age of Charlemagne He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Leo III. He made his home in Aachen. He became the European model and basis for feudalism.

The Early Middle Ages The Age of Charlemagne Carolingian Arts Reliquaries were decorated containers that held holy objects or relics. Churches were modeled in the Byzantine style.

The Early Middle Ages Feudal Europe Feudalism is the social and political system in which a lord distributes land (fief) to a vassal in return for military service.

The Early Middle Ages Feudal Europe Feudal Art The Song of Roland Is an epic tale of Charlemagne's campaigns against Islamic Spain. The tale establishes the concept of chivalry.

The Early Middle Ages Feudal Europe Feudal Art The Bayeux Tapestry is a 231 foot long tapestry depicting William the Conqueror’s campaign concluding with his conquest over King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

The Early Middle Ages Feudal Europe Feudal Art Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) The School of Toledo helped to integrate Muslim intellect with Christian Europe. Reconquista Occurred when King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella conquered the last Spanish Muslim outpost in Granada.

The Early Middle Ages Monasticism The Concept It was created by St. Benedict. He desired to move away from politics and return to a more spiritual life. Monks took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Monasteries were governed by abbots.

The Early Middle Ages Monasticism The Plan of St. Gall The architectural inwardness reflected what became typical in monastery construction.

The Early Middle Ages Monasticism The Plan of St. Gall The cloister was an arched walkway opening into a courtyard. Scriptorium is where monks copied and preserved manuscripts.

The Early Middle Ages The Romanesque Style This style refers to distinct uses of Roman architecture, particularly rounded arches and barrel vaults.. It was revived by Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I of Saxony.

The Early Middle Ages The Romanesque Style Romanesque Churches Ambulatory was a walk way the curved around the apse. The chevet is the configuration containing the apse, ambulatory, and chapels.

The Early Middle Ages The Romanesque Style Romanesque Sculpture A typanum is the large circular space above a door. A lintel is a support beam beneath the tympanum. Archivolts are decorative moldings that frame the arch.

The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Music and Drama Musical Notation Melismas are short chains of notes that related to the syllables of key words in the text. A trope is an added word to the melismas.

The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Music and Drama Musical Notation Guido of Arezzo He devised solmization or a six-note scale. He also created the musical staff, in which each line and space represented a tone in the scale. His clef also denoted the key letter of the tone or scale.

The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Music and Drama Drama The Church dominated early drama which held to conservative medieval liturgy. By the 13th century theatre production moved outside of the Church.

The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Philosophy John the Scot AKA Erigena. He promoted Neoplatonist ideology. He claimed that God exists in all things. His teachings were banned by the Church.

The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Philosophy Ibn Sinna He was a Muslim scholar who was the era’s greatest authority on Aristotle. He was known as Averroes in Europe. His concepts were introduced into Europe as a result of the Crusades.

The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Philosophy Peter Abelard He wrote Sic et Non (For and Against) which exposed the inconsistencies of Church teachings. His teachings also promoted nominalism, which denied the existence of “universals” (Platonic ideology).

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Awakening (1150-1400) Impact of the Crusades Spices and perfume from the Holy Land. The reintroduction of Aristotle and the work of the Greeks.

Pope Gregory VII excommunicating Emperor Henry IV. The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Awakening (1150-1400) The Decline of Feudalism Papal excommunication is the damning of an individual to hell and stripping nobility of their feudal contracts. Monarchs began granting towns autonomy in favor of urban taxation. Town citizens became known as burghers. Pope Gregory VII excommunicating Emperor Henry IV.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Architecture Emphasizes the use of light and illumination. To help with lighting three elements were paramount. Pointed Arch Ribbed Vault Flying Buttress

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Architecture Windows Rose Windows Lancet Windows are shaped like pointed arches.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Sculpture Sculptures of this style were more animated and more natural looking.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Music Singing took on a polyphony tradition or many voiced. Organum is an organ that was used to accompany polyphony singing.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Music Ars nova (new art) It was perfected in France by Guillaume de Machaut. He created a technique called isorhythm, which produced a rhythmic pattern that is repeated cyclically without regard for the melody.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Theatre Plays were also written and performed in the vernacular (common language). Church and town’s people began to merge or work together during this period. Mystery Plays depicted biblical stories. Miracle Plays depicted the lives of the saints. Morality Plays depicted the struggle of virtues and vices over a sinner’s soul.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Literature The Divine Comedy It was written by Dante Alighieri. It is the epic poem of Dante being guided by Virgil through Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory. It was also written in the vernacular.

The Late Middle Ages The Gothic Style Literature The Canterbury Tales These were written by Geoffrey Chaucer. It was a tale of travelers recounting tales of their travels. The work is written in the vernacular and is incomplete, Chaucer died before its completion.

The Late Middle Ages New Learning The concept of Universities appeared as a result of the Crusades as well as the reintroduction of Aristotle. The Sorbonne, Paris.

The Late Middle Ages New Learning Thomas Aquinas He wrote Summa Theologica. He merged divine philosophy with Aristotle’s logic.

The Late Middle Ages New Learning Francesco Petrarch He was regarded as the greatest humanist, philosophers that sought compromise between Christianity and classicalism. Spawns the modern concept of the humanities.

The Late Middle Ages New Learning Christine de Pisan One of the greatest female intellectuals of her age.

The Late Middle Ages Eleanor of Aquitaine Introduced the concept of courtly love or the relations between the sexes. She promoted her concept through troubadours, wander minstrel/poets.

The Late Middle Ages Giotto di Bondone He helped to popularize the concept of International Gothic which absorbed the influence of Byzantine icons. His works introduced the concept of visual space.