Figure, 21-23 Head group attachment Membrane phospholipids:

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Figure, Head group attachment Membrane phospholipids:

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Presentation transcript:

Figure, 21-23 Head group attachment Membrane phospholipids: Glycerophospholipids sphingolipids Backbone Glycerol, sphingosine 2. Fatty acid 3. Hydrophilic head 4. Exchange head group

Figure, 21-24 Two strategies for forming phosphodiester bond

Polar head in eukaryotes Figure, 21-26 Polar head in eukaryotes Signal transduction

Figure, 21-27, 28-a Salvage pathway in yeast Major pathway in Eukaryotes (yeast) In mammals (no CDP-diacylglycerol and serine to PS) Head-group exchange (PC—PS or PE—PS) S-adenosylmethionine S-adenosylhomocysteine phosphatidylserine

Figure, 21-28 b Phosphatidylcholine in mammals Salvage pathway Choline reused (strategy 2)

Figure, 21-29 summary of the pathways for synthesis of major phospholipid Mutation in ethanolamine kinase Eliminate phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis: less in membrane Transient paralysis: electrical stimulation

Figure, 21-30 Ether lipid, Plasmalogen platelet-activating factor Half of the heart phospholipid

Head group

peroxisome

Figure, 21-31 Sphingolipids 2nd big group Lung surfactant

O- Step 1 18 C amine

Step 2 (SER) Step 3 Step 4 Glycolipid Glycosidic linkage

Figure, 21-32 Not required in diet Cell membrane Steroid hormone Bile acids

Figure, 21-33 Cholesterol biosynthesis In liver condensation 6C 5C polymerization 30C cyclization

Figure, 21-34 Synthesis of mevalonate cytosol Rate-limiting step Release 3CoA (membrane of the SER)

Figure, 21-35 Mevalonate to activated isoprene Use 3 ATP Release 1 CO2

Figure, 21-36 Squalene 10C 15C 30C

(rose oil)

Figure, 21-37 Ring closure Mixed function oxidase plants 20 steps Methyl group migration and removal

Figure, 21-38 Cholesteryl esters Stored or in lipoprotein particles

Figure 21-39 Plasma Lipoproteins- Lipid transport (LDL)

Figure 21-39B

Figure21-40 Lipoprotein and Lipid transport apoA-I apoB100 apoE apoB100 apoCII--lipase

Figure 21-42 Uptake of cholesterol by receptor-mediated endocytosis

Figure21-40 Lipoprotein and Lipid transport apoA-I SR-BI ABC1

Chylomicron and VLDL remnants Figure 21-41 Chylomicron and VLDL remnants Surface of nascent HDL

Figure, 21-44 Regulation of cholesterol dp p Inhibit transcription

Figure, 21-43 SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) activation SCAP: SREBP cleavage-activating protein— binds to cholesterol and other sterols HMG CoA reductase LDLR

statin Figure, 21-45 Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase Cholestyramine-resin binds to bile acids -prevent reabsorption Competitive inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase statin

Figure, 21-48 isoprenoid Prenylation Proetins are anchored to cellular membrane

Figure, 21-46 Steroid hormones from cholesterol Increase gluconeogenesis And TAG cycle

Figure, 21-47 Side chain cleavage Adrenal cortex mitochondria Hydroxylation and cleavage

Fatty liver: TAG formation and export imbalance Extensive accumulation of TAG—cirrhosis Free fatty acids increase in plasma, then to liver accumulation Block production of plasma lipoproteins a. apolipoprotein synthesis b. lipoprotein c. phospholipid d. secretary pathway Ethanol—fatty liver Ethanol is converted to be acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH is produced Excess NADH inhibit CAC and increase lipogenesis (cholesterol)

Homework: How insulin regulates lipid metabolism?