BASIC CHEMISTRY

ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND COMPOUNDS – ATOM SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER CAN NOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY ANY ORDINARY CHEMICAL MEANS ONLY ABOUT 100 KINDS OF ATOMS – ELEMENTS SUBSTANCES MADE OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM – COMPOUNDS TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS ARE COMBINED

BASIC CHEMISTRY

MAJOR ELEMENTS FOR BIOLOGY

BASIC CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE OF ATOMS – SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS – ATOMIC MODEL INACCURATE, BUT HELPS US BEST UNDERSTAND THINGS ATOMIC NUCLEUS & ELECTRON ORBITALS

BASIC CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE OF ATOMS – ATOMIC NUMBER # OF PROTONS – ATOMIC MASS # OF PROTONS + # OF NEUTRONS

BASIC CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE OF ATOMS – ISOTOPES ATOMS THAT DIFFER ONLY BY THE # OF NEUTRONS SAME ATOMIC #, DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASS

BASIC CHEMISTRY RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES – MANY ISOTOPES ARE UNSTABLE, AND SLOWLY BREAKDOWN – THE EMISSION OF PARTICLES DURING THIS BREAKDOWN IS CALLED RADIOACTIVITY – SCIENCE USES THIS PROCESS FOR HELPFUL TOOLS; RADIOACTIVE DATING (CARBON DATING), RADIOACTIVE DIAGNOSIS, RADIATION THERAPY, ETC.

BASIC CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE OF ATOMS – ELECTRONS NORMALLY, ATOMS HAVE THE SAME # OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS THEREFORE, (+) = (-) SO THE ATOM IS NEUTRAL ELECTRON SHELLS

BASIC CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE OF ATOMS – ELECTRON SHELLS A.K.A VALENCE SHELLS ATOMS ARE “HAPPIEST” WHEN THEIR ELECTRON SHELLS ARE FILLED ELECTRONS DON’T EXIST ALONE, SO WHERE ARE THERE MORE TO FIND TO FILL SHELLS???

BASIC CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING – THE FORCE THAT HOLDS ATOMS TOGETHER – TWO MAJOR TYPES – COVALENT BONDING VS. IONIC BONDING

BASIC CHEMISTRY COVALENT BONDING – CHEMICAL BOND THAT RESULTS FROM THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS – ALWAYS RESULTS IN A MOLECULE TWO OR MORE ATOMS COMBINE AND ACT AS A SINGLE PARTICLE

BASIC CHEMISTRY IONIC BONDING – CHEMICAL BOND THAT RESULTS FROM THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS – RESULTS FROM THE FORMATION OF IONS AN ATOM THAT HAS LOST OR GAINED ELECTRONS, GIVING IT EXCESS ELECTRIC CHARGE

BASIC CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL FORMULA VS. STRUCTURAL FORMULA

BASIC CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL REACTIONS – THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES FROM THE COMBINATION OF EXISTING ATOMS (MOLECULES) – REACTANTS VS. PRODUCTS – *LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS*

BASIC CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL REACTIONS – UNBALANCED VS. BALANCED EQUATIONS

BASIC CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS VS MIXTURES – COMPOUNDS ATOMS, OR IONS, ARE JOINED TOGETHER BY A CHEMICAL BOND – MIXTURES SUBSTANCES ARE PHYSICALLY COMBINED (OR MIXED) WITHOUT FORMING A NEW CHEMICAL BOND

BASIC CHEMISTRY MIXTURES – SOLUTIONS VS SUSPENSIONS VS COLLOIDS

BASIC CHEMISTRY MIXTURES – SOLUTIONS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION SOLVENT – THE SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES UP THE BULK OF THE SOLUTION SOLUTE – SUBSTANCES DISSOLVED IN THE SOLVENT SUSPENSION – A MIXTURE THAT SEPARATES COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS – MIXTURE THAT IS “IN- BETWEEN” A SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

BASIC CHEMISTRY ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS – SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS THAT FORM SPECIAL “SOLUTIONS” WHEN MIXED WITH WATER ACID – ANY COMPOUND THAT PRODUCES [H+] IN SOLUTION BASE – ANY COMPOUND THAT PRODUCES [OH-] IN SOLUTION

BASIC CHEMISTRY ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS – SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS THAT FORM SPECIAL “SOLUTIONS” WHEN MIXED WITH WATER NEUTRALIZATION – THE PROCESS OF REACTING AN ACID AND A BASE TO PRODUCE A NEUTRAL SOLUTION – RESULTS IN WATER AND SALTS SALTS – AN IONIC COMPOUND PRODUCED BY THE NEUTRALIZATION REACTION N BETWEEN ACID AND BASE

BASIC CHEMISTRY THE pH SCALE

BASIC CHEMISTRY pH SCALE – pH IS THE UNIT WE USE TO MEASURE THE [H+] IN A SOLUTION – SCALE RANGES FROM 0 – 14 (LOGARITHMIC SCALE…POWER OF 10) – DIFFERENCE OF 1 pH = 10X DIFFERENCE IN STRENGTH – BECAUSE WE MEASURE [H+], BASES CAN BE DEFINED A DIFFERENT WAY!!!

BASIC CHEMISTRY pH INDICATORS – SUBSTANCE THAT CHANGES COLOR BASED ON THE ACIDITY OR BASICITY OF A SOLUTION

BASIC CHEMISTRY WHY DO WE CARE SO MUCH ABOUT THESE PARTICULAR SUBSTANCES (ACIDS, BASES, SALTS???)

BASIC CHEMISTRY WHAT OTHER CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ARE ESSENTIAL, OR DIRECTLY EFFECT, LIVING THINGS?? THAT SHOULD BE THE FOCUS OF OUR NEXT CHAPTER!!! OH WAIT…IT IS!!! COME BACK TO FIND OUT MORE