OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen- at a 1:2:1 ratio…. carbo - hydrate C H 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 (CH 2 O) x

Function: – Energy storage – Fast energy (short term energy) – Provides structural materials in cells (like cell walls, receptors) Subunit / Building block / Monomer: MONOSACCHARIDES!!!! sugar

Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons – 6C = hexose (glucose) – 5C = pentose (ribose) – 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H H Ribose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653

Sugar structure Carbs can be found in linear and ring form

Carbohydrates include: Simple sugars (monosaccharides: such as glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose) Short chain sugars (disaccharides: such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose) Complex carbs (polysaccharides: such as starches, cellulose, and glycogen), OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose H2OH2O A glycosidic link occurs when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides are produced by adding 3 or more monosaccharides to the chain.

Polysaccharides Starch –Is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers –Is the major storage form of glucose in plants

Cellulose is a polysaccharide that has its glucose monomers joined together in alternating 'flip-flopped‘ form. Cellulose is found in plant cell walls. Changes in the bond configuration cause changes in the final shape and function of the molecules.

0.5  m Plants make glucose through the photosynthesis processes, and store it in long chains of starch primarily in their roots. Animals in turn eat plant materials and products. Digestion is a process of hydrolysis where the starch is broken down into the various monosaccharides. A major product is glucose, which can be used immediately in body cells for metabolism to make energy.

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles

The glucose that is not used immediately, is converted in the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Any glucose in excess of the needs for energy and storage as glycogen is converted to fat.

Chitin is another polysaccharide. –Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods –Also found in the cell walls of fungus (a) The structure of the chitin monomer. O CH 2 O H OH H H H NH C CH 3 O H H (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals. OH