AIM: How did the geography of India impact the development of early Indian civilizations? Do Now: Test Review, End of MP reflection, goal setting Unit Essential Question: In what ways did the civilizations and empires of ancient India and China lay long-lasting social and political foundations?

India is a subcontinent in South Asia.

The Himalaya Mountains separate India From China.

This is a photograph of the famous Khyber Pass. This valley allowed travelers to enter India.

India also experiences the monsoon. The monsoons are winds that bring rains.

The Indus River is an important river in Indian history. It was the birthplace of South Asia’s earliest civilization.

E. Napp The Ganges River is an important river in India. It is a sacred or holy river for Hindus.

The Indus River begins in the Himalayas. When the snows melt, the river floods.

The Indus river allowed people to farm. It made irrigation and transportation possible. A great civilization developed in the Indus river valley.

Harappan Civilization The early civilization that developed in the Indus river valley is frequently referred to as Harappan civilization. 2 Important Cities = Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 3000 B.C.E

This ruin reveals the careful planning of the Indus river city of Harappa.

The buildings of Mohenjo-Daro were also carefully planned.

Urban Planning Urban planning refers to the careful planning of a city.

This hole and drain suggest that indoor bathrooms and toilets may have existed.

Harappan civilization had writing. However, archaeologists are still deciphering it.

This map reveals the location of Harappan civilization.

Harappan civilization began around 3000 B.C.E.

The cities were surrounded by walls. Walls were used to protect the inhabitants of the cities.

Harappan civilization declined around 1500 B.C. It is possible that the monsoon failed or an earthquake occurred.

The Aryans

Priests Warriors Peasants/Traders Laborers/Craftsmen

The Aryans BC I.Indo-European Migrations 1.Nomads: someone who moves from place to place in search for food. 2.From the Steppes of the Caucasus Mts. A.Steppe: dry grasslands. 3.Migrated (moved) all throughout Europe & southwest Asia. II.Aryans 1.Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Indus Valley. 2.Vedas: books that set down their prayers, songs, spells & religious formulas. 3.Varnas: A.Rigid class system created by the Aryans. i. Aryans had the best jobs. ii. Dasa (dark) had the worst jobs. 4.Magadha – major kingdom of the Aryans. 5.Polytheistic – worshipped gods and goddesses who embodied natural forces.

Aim: How did Mauryan rulers create a strong central government for their empire? Do Now: What are some of the law/legal systems we have discussed so far this year? What else, besides laws, shapes peoples actions?

Turn & Talk Do you believe… Is it better to rule through times of peace or times of war?

Behavior Fit For a King “The king’s good is not that which pleases him, but that which pleases his subjects” - Arthashastra, a Maurya handbook on governance What should the duties of a ruler include? According to Hindu teachings, a ruler’s duties included maintaining peace and order by enforcing laws, resisting invaders, and encouraging economic growth. Those who successfully achieved those goals became some of India’s great rulers.

The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE

Chandragupta Gained power in the Ganges Valley then conquered northern India. Maintained order through a well- organized bureaucracy Building of roads/harbors, collected taxes, managed state- owned factories/shipyards Rule was effective but harsh Brutal secret police reported on corruption, crime and dissent

Asoka 268 BCE – became emperor Converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral example. Sent missionaries to spread Buddhism across India and to Sri Lanka. Preached tolerance for other religions. Edicts of Asoka: stone pillars across India announcing laws and promising righteous government Brought peace and prosperity to empire

Division and Disunity After Asoka’s death, Maurya power declined (185 BCE) North and south (Deccan Plateau) was separated by distance and cultural differences Foreign invades constantly pushed through mountain passes into Northern India. South divided into many kingdoms, different languages and different traditions.

AIM: Why was the period of Gupta rule in India considered the “golden age”? Do Now: What words/phrases do you associate with the term ‘golden age’? Golden Age

Golden Age – period of great cultural achievement “The people are numerous and happy;…only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay [a portion of] the grain from it…The king governs without…corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined, lightly or heavily, according to the circumstances [of each case]. -Faxian, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms How was Gupta rule different from Mauryan rule?

The Guptas Bring About a Golden Age Trade and farming flourished Artisans produced goods for local markets and foreign lands Advances in learning – students were educated in religious schools (not limited to religion and philosophy) MATHEMATICS*  concept of zero, decimal system Expand India’s literature

Decline Weak rulers Civil war Foreign invaders

Family and Village Life Majority were peasants Joint family – parents, children and offspring shared a common dwelling Dowry – brides family makes payment to the bridegroom Women lost status as time progressed life revolved around the village Agriculture and trade shaped life