Chapter 8: Bacterial Genetics. Genetic changes in bacteria occur via: -mutations -gene transfer.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 8: Bacterial Genetics

Genetic changes in bacteria occur via: -mutations -gene transfer

What are mutations? Change in the base sequence of the DNA Do they always change the genetic code?

Causes of mutations in bacteria Most are spontaneous Errors made by DNA Polymerase UV light exposure

Types of Mutations Base-pair mutation –Missense mutation –Nonsense mutation –Silent mutation

Base-pair mutation: missense

Results of base-pair mutations

Types of Mutations Frameshift –Changes the reading frame

What can cause mutations? Chemicals (nitrous acid) Physical mutagens (uv light) Biological mutagens (transposons)

Barbara McClintock: “jumping genes” biological mutagen

Nitrous acid as a chemical mutagen

Nitrosoguanidine alters guanine bases

Nucleoside analogs are mutagens

Intercalating agents

UV light as a mutagen

Repair mechanisms Wrong nucleotide inserted –Proofreading –Mismatch repair

Repair: Mismatch

Repair of UV damage Two repair mechanisms –Light repair –Dark repair

Why use bacteria to study mutations? Only have one chromosome…one copy of each gene Easy to grow

Direct selection Testing for traits that are easily identified –Colony color –Motility –Resistance to antibiotics

Indirect selection A way to look at traits that are not easily identified, at changes in metabolic pathways Replica plating –A way to identify AUXOTROPHS from PROTOTROPHS

Replica Plating: indirect selection

Penicillin enrichment of mutants

Testing chemicals for mutagenicity…Ames test

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