MODERNIZATION OF THE MEDICAL EDUCATION IN REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Department of History of Medicine and Ethics

MODERNIZATION OF THE MEDICAL EDUCATION  In Ottomans medical schools were madrasa (master-apprentice system)  At the beginning of the 19th century there weren’t enough physician and physicians didn’t have modern medical knowledge.

Diseases of this Period  Malaria  Tuberculosis  Trachoma  Typhus  Rabies  Syphilis  Smallpox

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Dr. Refik SAYDAM ( ) He is the first health minister of the Republic of Turkey. He is the founder of The National Health Program and also many systems (sample hospitals, maternity hospitals, fight against contagions-malaria, tuberculosis, trachoma, rabies, syphilis, smallpox-) and Institute of Hıfzıssıhha and The Ministery of Health and Social Care

Dr. Refik SAYDAM ( )

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Cemil Paşa (TOPUZLU) (1868–1958) He is accepted as the founder of the modern surgery in Turkey. He served twice as İstanbul Şehremini. He operated on abdominal cavity, brain and thorax. He studied at French and is the pioneer of chloroform anesthesi.

Cemil Topuzlu (1868–1958)

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Besim Ömer Paşa (AKALIN) (1861–1940) He is known as the founder of modern obstetric, neonatology and pediatrics. He assisted midwifery (obstetrician) school and helped it to regenarated. So obstetricians could be educated. He published Nevsal-i Afiyet (popular medical journal-medicine yearbook) and he tried to inform people about public health. His name is known because of his works in Kızılay and on tuberculosis. He served as rector in Darülfünun and as parliamentarian.

Besim Ömer Paşa (AKALIN) (1861–1940)

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Tevfik Salim SAĞLAM (1882–1963) He fought against chest diseases and tuberculosis. He fought also against typhus epidemic as he served in military and he worked on typhus vaccine. He ensured establishment of the Association of Tuberculosis. He was left out of the squad in 1933 during the university reform but he was appointed as a lecturer in In 1943 he became rector.

Tevfik Salim SAĞLAM (1882–1963)

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Akil Muhtar ÖZDEN (1877–1949) He was the pioneer of the modern and experimental pharmacology and pharmacodinamic in Turkey. He worked on different fields of the medicine (especially on internal medicine) He was one of the important philosophers/thinkers of his time. He also had some works as a thinker and as a painter.

Akil Muhtar Özden (1877–1949)

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Mehmet Esat Paşa (IŞIK) (1865–1936) He is the founder of the modern ophthalmology in Turkey (that’s why he get Işık as his surname)

Mehmet Esat Paşa (IŞIK) (1865–1936)

Some Prominent Physicians of this Period  Neşet Ömer İRDELP (1882–1948) He is known as the founder of the cardiology in Turkey. He worked on internal medicine, cardiology and infectious diseases. He was also Atatürk's special physician. Besides he served as a rector in a university.

1933 University Reform  This attempt İstanbul Darülfünun came to an end with this attempt. Main aim of this reform was to regulate the standarts of higher education.  Istanbul University was established after this attempt. Medical faculty moved to Europian Side. First rector of the university was Neşet Ömer (İrdelp).

1933 University Reform  1933 university reform isn’t an attempt that changed only medical education. It also influenced whole scientific life and university restructuring. Meanwhile many famous foreign scientist were invited to Turkey and they were expected to prepare curriculum and to train academicians.

MODERNIZATION OF THE MEDICAL EDUCATION  Ankara University Medical Faculty is the second Medical Faculty in Turkey (1945)  Cerrahpaşa and Istanbul (Çapa) Medical Faculties were seperated in 1967

MODERNIZATION OF THE MEDICAL EDUCATION  Inonu Univesity Medical Faculty began teaching in 1988  Turgut Özal Medical Center started to serve in 1996

Inonu University Medical Faculty & Turgut Özal Medical Center

Konuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAP Soru 1: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk Sağlık Bakanı kimdir? Cevap 1: Refik Saydam Soru 2: İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi hangi tarihte öğrenime başlamıştır? Cevap 2: 1988

References  A. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translation  Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD ders notları  Ali Haydar BAYAT, Tıp Tarihi  Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından Rönesansa Kadar Tıp Tarihi  Çağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche Yayınları 