Code Mixing and Code Switching Code Mixing Using two languages in the same utterance (or sentence) Using two languages in the same utterance (or sentence) Code Switching Switching completely from one language Switching completely from one language to another from one sentence to another Language Choice Selecting a language to use based on context Selecting a language to use based on context Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Code Mixing English and Spanish Talking about quitting smoking: "I didn't quit, I just stopped. I mean it wasn't an effort I made que voy a dejar de fumar porque me hace dano o this or that. I used to pull butts out of the wastepaper basket. I'd get desperate, y ahi voy al basurero a buscar, a sacar, you know?" "I didn't quit, I just stopped. I mean it wasn't an effort I made que voy a dejar de fumar porque me hace dano o this or that. I used to pull butts out of the wastepaper basket. I'd get desperate, y ahi voy al basurero a buscar, a sacar, you know?" Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Language Choice in Kampala, Uganda Social Situation Tenants' association meetings Tenants' association meetings Housing EstateLanguage Housing EstateLanguage More prestige English/Luganda More prestige English/Luganda Less prestigeEnglish/Swahili Less prestigeEnglish/Swahili Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p /12

Complex Switching in Uganda Participants 1. Young man from Kenya (ethnic Bantu) 2. Another Kenyan (different native language) 3. Ugandan (ethnic Bantu) (with senior post) Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Complex Switching in Uganda Topic / Participants 1&2: Young man's job loss; problems of Kenyans in general in Uganda —Swahili (language of their status as equals and their fraternal relationship) 1&2: Boasting about money or young women —probably English Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Complex Switching in Uganda Topic / Participants 1&3: Young man wants help getting a job —Luganda (language of deference) —English (1 speaks Luganda poorly) —Luganda (1 asks for favor) Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Some Rules or Principles of Conversation 1. Turn-Taking 2. Right to Speak 3. Obligation to Speak 4. When interruptions are allowed 5. Introducing New Topics 6. Sequences are structured too Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Silence "It has been said that, in a conversation between two English speakers who are not close friends, a silence of longer than about four seconds is not allowed (which means that people become embarrassed if nothing is said after that time— they feel obliged to say something, even if it is only a remark about the weather.)" Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p /12

Two Views of Silence in Conversations Scenario 1: Corunna El Man, who has just arrived from their home planet Dorsai, is talking to Michael de Sandoval, another Dorsai who has been stationed on the planet Ceta for some time. "Your father and mother are well—and I hear your brothers are all right, out among the stars," I said. "But, of course, you know that." "Your father and mother are well—and I hear your brothers are all right, out among the stars," I said. "But, of course, you know that." "No," he said, still watching the sky ahead. "I haven't heard for quite a while." "No," he said, still watching the sky ahead. "I haven't heard for quite a while." A silence threatened. A silence threatened. "How did you happen to end up here?" I asked. It was almost a ritual question between Dorsais away from home. "How did you happen to end up here?" I asked. It was almost a ritual question between Dorsais away from home. Dickson, Gordon R Lost Dorsai. New York: A Tom Doherty Associates Book., p /12

Two Views of Silence in Conversations Scenario 2: Two native American (Indian) friends who have addiction problems greet each other. “You still using that shit [the drug/medicine Ritalin]?” “You still using that shit [the drug/medicine Ritalin]?” “You still drinking that shit [bourbon]?” “You still drinking that shit [bourbon]?” It was an old ritual from our support group, but today’s sarcasm had no bite. A wasp circled the uneaten pizza, its buzz, buzz the only sound for several minutes. You get used to silence on the Rez [reservation]. Nobody chatters just to escape silence, the way they do in cities or on TV. Silence is okay, silence is a way of life. It was an old ritual from our support group, but today’s sarcasm had no bite. A wasp circled the uneaten pizza, its buzz, buzz the only sound for several minutes. You get used to silence on the Rez [reservation]. Nobody chatters just to escape silence, the way they do in cities or on TV. Silence is okay, silence is a way of life. Cole, David Butterfly Lost. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc, pp /12

Differences in Sociolinguistic Rules across Cultures NA Indians European Americans Silence Silence French Americans Telephone Etiquette Telephone Etiquette Chinese Americans Asking about salaries * Asking about salaries * IndiansAmericans Thanking behavior * Thanking behavior * [* not in Trudgill] Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

Intracultural Differences in Conversational Styles —Men and Women— "The American sociolinguist Deborah Tannen has suggested that in many respects communication between men and women can be regarded as cross-cultural communication, at least in North America and Europe, though also, one suspects, elsewhere." Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p /12