In the UK our employment structure has changed

A brief diversion! This is what happened to the British population Birth rate and death rate high, low popula tion, stable Birth rate high and death rate lower, increasing population Birth rate and death rate lower, increasing population Birth rate and death rate low, high popula tion, stable

This where various countries of the world are now – see the similarity?

Change it a bit, take away the bottom scale and put in countries and …. EthiopiaBrazilJapanUK Peru

Sustainable industry?? Secondary employment really only took off in the industrial revolution in 18th Century Large factories mass produced goods Systems became more and more mechanised A lot of things we buy are not made in the places where they were made first any more due to cheaper production costs in LEDC’s & NIC’s. Wages are often much lower in LEDC’s and there are less employment and environmental controls Factories in UK shut down and went to places like China or Turkey. Now those factories are too expensive and production has moved to even cheaper places like Cambodia & Nigeria

Tertiary industry Currently this is 76% in the UK – ¾ of all jobs are in service industries. We have talked about shops, transport and hospitals and schools. What are some others? Why are so many of us employed in tertiary jobs? Good education, with nearly half all school leavers going onto college and beyond UK is dominant in service industries like banking and finance and many MNC’s have head quarters here like global banks and tech firms (Microsoft, Vodafone, HSBC etc…)

Countries vary in their patterns of employment Now, in the UK, and other MEDCs, there are far fewer involved in agriculture. Why is that? The number of people involved in secondary industry is also dropping. Why? The amount of people involved in tertiary industry is rising? Why? And in quaternary industry too. Why?

Countries vary in their patterns of employment Which countries do you think still have the majority involved in primary industry? For example? Which countries will be have an increasing numbers in secondary industry? For example? Will these countries have increasing numbers in tertiary and quaternary, do you think?

The employment structure varies from one place to another What kind of country do you think these 3 come from?

They employment structure vary from one place to another Are you surprised? Why do you think they are different in that particular way? India Ethiopia United Kingdom

Informal employment Many millions, especially in LEDCs, work in the informal sector They don’t appear in any pie charts This type of employment include selling goods as street traders They don’t pay well They tend involve long hours No taxes paid. These jobs are often illegal & often involve child labour. They are temporary and would not provide a regular, steady income

Informal employment India has a large informal labour market. “Shoe-shine” children are part of this. Work is ‘cash-in-hand’. Workers’ protection is lacking - no rights, no protection.

Besides pie charts … Employment is can demonstrated on triangular graphs Primary: Brazil is between 40% & 50% Secondary: Russia is between 40% & 50% Tertiary: USA is between 60% & 70%

Besides pie charts … Tanzania Least economically developed of the countries 82% primary 7% secondary So what % tertiary? Hint: adds to 100%

Your turn On your copy of this triangular graph calcuate the % of people employed in primary, secondary and tertiary for all the countries. What patterns do you notice? Which are MEDC’s? Which are NIC’s?

Summary As countries develop economically how does their employment structure change?