Family Gerreidae (Mojarras) Gerres erythrourus Gerreid fishes are minor commercial fish in Thai waters occur on reef-associated; brackish; marine

General Characteristic of Gerreid larvae The body is moderate deep, have 23-25 myomeres. The gut is coiled and short. A small, inconspicuous gas bladder is present above the anterior portion of the gut. The moderate head is broad and round, large mouse with it’s long ascending premaxillary process. The snout is short and round. The mouth initially reaches to anterior of eye, but in postflexion larvae be comes larger. The eye round is large in preflexion larvae and moderate to large. There is gap between the vent and anal fin. Pigmentation: Gerreid larvae have distinctive pigmentation from along the anal fin base to the tip of notochord

Meristic Characters of Indo-Pacific gerreid genera Head Spination: - Gerreid larvae have small preopercular spine Meristic Characters of Indo-Pacific gerreid genera D A P1 P2 C Vertebrae Gerres Pentaprion IX-X,9-11 III,7-10 15-17 I,5 9+8 10+14= 24 IX-X,12-14 V-VI,12-14 12-15 I,5 9+8 10+14= 24

Sample measurement and identification Family: Gerreidae Stage: Preflexion Sampling Location: Western Gulf of Thailand Sampling Gear: Bongo net Measurement: (mm) BL = 3.30 HL= 0.90 ED= 0.40 SnL= 0.35 PAL= 1.50 BD= 1.00 Counts: D: - A: - P1: - P2: - C: - Myomeres: 24

The body is moderate deep, gut coiled and short Morphology: The body is moderate deep, gut coiled and short The moderate head is broad and round, large mouse with it’s long ascending premaxillary process (protractile mouth) The eye round is large There is gap between the vent and anal fin Pigmentation: Gerres sp. larvae have distinctive pigmentation from along the anal fin base to the tip of notochord gap

Head Spination: - 1 small preopercular spine Similar family: Nemipteridae and Sparidae

Sample measurement and identification Family: Gerreidae Stage: Post flexion Sampling Location: Western Gulf of Thailand Sampling Gear: Bongo net Species Name: Gerres sp. Measurement: (mm) BL = 6.40 HL= 1.50 ED= 0.60 SnL= 0.50 PAL= 2.30 BD= 1.30 Counts: D: IX, 9 A: III, 6 P1: 10 P2: - C: 9+8 Myomeres: 24

Morphology: The body is moderate deep, gut coiled and short The moderate head is broad and round, protractile mouth There is gap between the vent and anal fin Pigmentation: Gerres sp. Larvae have distinctive pigmentation from along the anal fin base, anterior of anus, posterior of hypural bone and midbrain Head Spination: small preopercular spine

Similar family: Gerreid larvae similar family Nemipteridae and Sparidae, but small preopercular spine, protractile mouth, the gap between vent to anal fin and pigment pattern on the ventral margin of tail are usefully for distinctive from others family

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Family Serranidae E. sexfasciatus E. malabaricus E. tauvina Serranid fishes are commercial fish in Thai waters and South China Sea demersal fish; non-migratory occur on reef-associated; brackish; marine

General Characteristic of Serranid larvae The body is moderate deep, have 24 myomeres. The gut is loosely coiled. A small gas bladder is located above the apex of the gut. The head is initially moderate but increases in relative size to large. The snout is about equal to eye diameter. The large mouth is moderate oblique. The round eye is small to moderate. The spine at the preopercular angle is large than the others. Pigmentation: Serranid larvae are lightly to moderately pigment.

Meristic Characters of some Indo-Pacific serranid genera D A P1 P2 C Vertebrae Anthiinae Caprodon Giganthias Holanthias etal. Epinephelinae Epinephelus Cephalopholis X,19-21 III,7-8 16-18 I,5 9+8 (15) 26-27 IX,13 III,8 16 I,5 - 10+15= 25 X,13-19 III,7-8 16-19 I,5 (13) 9+17= 26 XI,12-19 III,7-10 15-20 I,5 9+8 10+14= 24 IX,13-17 III,7-10 15-20 I,5 9+8 10+14= 24

Sample measurement and identification Family: Serranidae Subfamily: Epinephelinae Stage: Flexion Species Name: - Sampling Location: Celebes Sea (Indonesia) Sampling Gear: Bongo net Measurement: (mm) BL = 4.50 HL= 1.80 ED= 0.50 SnL= 0.70 PAL= 2.60 BD= 1.50 Counts: D: III A: - P1: - P2: I C: 9+8 Myomeres: 24

Subfamily: Epinephelinae Genus: Epinephelus sp. Morphology: Serrated spine The body is moderate deep - The lightly coiled gut extends to about mid of body The head is moderate and snout is short and blunt The spine serially associated with the first dorsal fin stout, elongate and serrate - The pelvic fin spine elongate and serrate, pelvic ray much shorter than the spine Serrated spine

angle of preopercle and supraorbital ridge is present Pigmentation: - Epinephelus sp. have melanophores over the gut and on caudal peduncle Head Spination: enlarged and serrate spine is present at the angle of preopercle and supraorbital ridge is present Supraorbital ridge Serrate preopercular spine

Family: Serranidae Subfamily: Epinephelinae Species Name: Epinephelus sp. Stage: Post flexion Sampling Location: Western Gulf of Thailand Sampling Gear: Bongo net Measurement: (mm) BL = 6.50 HL= 2.20 ED= 0.70 SnL= 0.80 PAL= 3.80 BD= 2.30 Counts: D: X, 15 A: III, 10 P1: 15 P2: I, 5 C: - Myomeres: 24

Subfamily: Epinephelinae Genus: Epinephelus sp. Morphology: Hook-like serrated spine The body is moderate deep The spine serially associated with the first dorsal fin and pelvic fin stout, elongate and hook-like serration pattern

- enlarged and serrate spine is present at the angle of preopercle Pigmentation: Epinephelus sp. Have melanophore over the gut and on caudal peduncle Head Spination: - enlarged and serrate spine is present at the angle of preopercle and have supraorbital ridge, small spine on the posttemporal and supracleithral Posttemporal spine Supracleithral spine Serrate preopercular spine

Family: Serranidae Subfamily: Anthiinae Species Name: - Stage: Post flexion Sampling Location: Andaman Sea Sampling Gear: Bongo net Measurement: (mm) BL = 4.80 HL= 2.00 ED= 0.70 SnL= 0.60 PAL= 3.20 BD= 2.20 Counts: D: X, 14 A: III, 8 P1: 15 ? P2: I, 5 C: 9+8 Myomeres: 26

Subfamily: Anthiinae Genus: - Morphology: The body is deep and hunchbacked body The gut is coiled The head is very large, short and moderately slope snout, large mouth and reaches beyond the middle of the eye, the eye is round and large Pigmentation: Anthiinae larvae are not heavily pigmented and except for the midbrain, dorsal midlateral line and ventral edge of tail

Head spination is extensive, interopercular spine is large and serrate at the preopercular angle A moderate supracleithral spine, and two small posttemporal spines, and supraorbital ridge Posttemporal spine Supracleithral spine Supraorbital ridge Subopercular spine Interopercular spine

Similar family: Serranid larvae are similar family Lutjanidae, but dorsal and anal spine, head spination and pigment pattern on the ventral margin of tail are usefully for distinctive from this family

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Family Sillaginidae (Whitings) s. maculata s. sihama Sillaginid fishes are commercial fish in Thai waters and South China Sea demersal fish; non-migratory occur on sand and muddy substrates in the mouths of rivers, estuaries, and mangrove creeks in deep range 1 – 50 m.

General Characteristic of Sillaginid larvae The body is elongate, have 32 myomeres. The gut is initially straight, begins to coil during notochord fleaxion, lack of gas bladder. The head is small to moderate. the mouth initially reaches to about the anterior margin of the eye. The eye is large to moderate. Head spination is poorly developed. Pigmentation: Sillaginid larvae are lightly pigmented and characterized by a single low of melanophores along the ventral midline of the trunk, tail, and often on the head.

Meristic Characters of Indo-Pacific sillaginid genera D A P1 P2 C Vertebrae Sillaginopsis Sillago X+I, 25-27 II, 24-27 20-22 I,5 9+8 15+27= 42 X-XIII+I, 16-24 II, 14-24 14-17 I,5 9+8 32-40

Sample measurement and identification Family: Sillaginidae Species Name: Sillago sp. Stage: Post flexion Sampling Location: Phang-Nga Bay Sampling Gear: Bongo net Measurement: (mm) BL = 6.60 HL= 1.70 ED= 0.55 SnL= 0.45 PAL= 3.50 BD= 1.15 Counts: D: XII + I, 21 A: II, 18 P1: 14 P2: I, 5 C: 9+8 Myomeres: 40

Morphology: - elongate body - The gut is initially straight, and lake of gas bladder - The head is small, mouth reach to anterior margin of the eye - The eye is moderate

Pigmentation:. - Sillago sp Pigmentation: - Sillago sp. are lightly pigmented; single row of melanophores along the ventral midline of the trunk and tail; series of melanophores at mid-laterally and dorsal edge of the tail - pigment is often present on the margin of tail Head Spination: -

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