Religious Turmoil in the Netherlands and England

Essential Question What was the impact of religious turmoil on England and how was it connected to the international conflict between Spain and England? What was the result of this? Course Themes

Pillars of Spanish Power – Phillip II 1.New World Riches – gold bullion from Spanish Colonies – Silver mines of Potosi 2.Increased Populations – widens economic gap between the wealthy and the peasants Castilian peasants = most taxed people in Europe 3.Efficient Bureaucracy and Military 4.Mediterranean Control – Mediterranean Sea battle against Turkey leads to the deaths of 30,000 Turks Giving Spain control of the Mediterranean – Suppressed Portuguese resistance

Revolt in the Netherlands  Netherlands were the richest part of Europe  Cardinal Granville – leader of the council in the Netherlands, wanted to stop Protestant gains through church reforms  William of Orange –led revolt against Granville and had him removed from office  the Compromise a pledge by Philip II to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition  revolt by the Protestants after they were called “beggars” by Regent Margaret is violently put down by Philip II ‘s, duke of Alba who executes thousands of suspected heretics

Revolt in the Netherlands

Independence for the Netherlands  William the Orange comes out of exile - leads the ind. movement against Spain takes over Calvinist strongholds in North Alba is replaced by Don Luis de Requesens  Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries leave 7,000 people dead in November 4, 1576 – the massacre unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the Pacification of Ghent  Spain signs Perpetual Edict, Nov. 1577, calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands

The Spanish Fury

 Southern provinces peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country  William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son Maurice who with the help of England and France finally defeat Spain  Truce signed in 1609  Recognizes full independence of the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia Netherlands Independence Con’t

Religious Turmoil in England Henry VIII  Started Ref. – Divorce issue  Church of Eng. – Head of Church – finally gets divorced  Wobbles back and forth between protestant and catholic practices  Succession – Son Edward VI – short reign (5 yrs) dies – Mary I – Bloody Mary – Elizabeth I – Greatest Tudor

Religious Turmoil in England Mary I of England  1554 – Marries Phillip II of Spain – Militant Catholicism  Lost Calais to the French  Brought Inquisition to England – Hundreds of protestants were executed for heresy  Very unpopular – came to be known as Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I of England  Came to the thrown after Mary I’s death  merged broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, – Becomes the Anglican Church  all anti-Protestant legislation repealed  1563 Thirty-Nine Articles is issued making Protestantism the official religion of England  animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas

Catholic and Protestant Extremists  radical Catholics wanted I Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots on thrown.  Puritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any “popery”, had two grievances about Elizabeth 1.the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England 2.the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance

Catholic and Protestant Extremists con’t  Presbyterians – Puritans creation of an alternative national church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries  Congregationalists -wanted every congregation to be autonomous – Conventicle Act of 1593 – conform or die

Mary, Queen of Scots  Catholic ruler of Scotland forced to abdicate the throne and flee to England and her cousin Elizabeth I  Elizabeth puts Mary under house arrest for the fear of a Catholic England uprising, – uncovers two plots against her life  Mary is connected with the assassination attempts and is executed by Elizabeth on February 18, 1587  Ends all hope of a Catholic England and leads to the invasion of the Spanish Armada

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada  Sir Francis Drake of England, shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada  a huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000 sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain)  Protestant resistance everywhere is given hope and Spain is never again a world power

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada