Policy Responses to Demographic Change

Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive Anti-natalist / Restrictive

Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg

Population Policies Expansion Policies Encourage large families Tax incentives Eugenic Policies Policies designed to favor one sector over another

Population Policies Restrictive Policies Toleration of unapproved birth control Prohibition of large families

Population Control Obstacles Manufacture/distribution expense Religion Low female status Preference for male children

Birth Control Programs One family/one child policies Female infanticide Social compensation fees Sterilization Loss of status Termination healthcare/food coupons Free birth control Increased literacy

Limitations of Population Policies Urbanization and industrialization more effective than restrictive properties Education of women helps more than sex education (1 year education = reduces fertility by 5-10 percent) Restricting immigration ages a population

Japan vs. China

Japan – Post WWII Refugees return from colonies Soldiers return home to families American occupation improved medical stuff Birth rate increased and death rate dropped

Japan – Eugenic Protection Act Legalized abortions for social, medical, and economic reasons Contraceptives were made available Enormous abortions brought down the birth rate BR +34 per 1000 in 1947 BR 18 per 1000 in 1957

Japan – Expansionary Policy 1991 – government encouraged parents to have larger families Immigration restrictions limit influx of younger workers Will probably use technology to improve productivity Japan on the road to negative growth

Japan – Aging Crisis 23,000 – Centenarians Grows by 13% annually Oldest member 114

Japan – Economic Impact Under 100 million people by the middle of the century 30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubled By 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population

China – Under Mao Mao Zedong was against population control Following Mao’s death in 1979 the government introduced population controls

China – One Child Policy 1979 Policy to encourage couples to have one child Applied loosely at first, which did not work Restrictions tightened in 1982 Created dramatic reduction in the birth rate

One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed free medical care free daycare and schooling guaranteed job for child bonuses for parents extra maternity leave better housing bigger old age pension Penalties must repay financial benefits educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn parents’ wages reduced

Penalties and hardships of the one-child policy Farming families had no extra labor and defied authorities Gov’t fired offenders from jobs

80,000 Family Planning Workers source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html Practice birth control for the revolution

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy

Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

China – Social Impact Female infanticide Over 300,000 more males survive than females Future males will substantially outnumber females Social consequences are unknown

How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

China – Relaxation of Policy 1984 – regulations loosened Weakened enforcement Peasants with rising incomes would pay the fines for births 2000 Growth rate = .9%

The End!