Käitumise seosed ilmastiku ja kliimaga. Ekstreemsed keskkonnad.

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Käitumise seosed ilmastiku ja kliimaga. Ekstreemsed keskkonnad

Keskkonnategurid: -temperatuur -niiskus -õhurõhk -tuul -päike Ilmastiku- ja kliimategurite mõju: -käitumisele -tervisele (vaimne ja füüsiline) -meeleolule -emotsioonidele -stressile

Kliimategurite mõju agressiivsusele, inimestevahelistele suhetele Looduslikud muutused – perioodilised ja inimtekkelised Millised on käitumuslikud muutused, mis ilmnevad muutuvas keskkonnas? Ekstreemsed keskkonnad – ekstreemne kui suhteline mõiste Uurimused mitteüldistatavad populatsioonile laiemalt

Que´telet (1842) suggested that the greatest number of crimes against a person is committed during summer and the fewest during winter. Since his seminal work, researchers have found empirical evidence on how crime levels vary and the way in which these variations relate to weather conditions. Findings have often been contradictory since the time scale of these studies differed widely, as did their methodology (for a comprehensive review, see Cohn, 1990; Cohn & Rotton, 2000; Harries, Stadler, & Zdorkwski, 1984). Studies of the relationship between homicide and heat are no exception (Cohn, 1990; Cohn & Rotton, 2000; Hakko, 2000; Rotton, Cohn, Peterson, & Tarr, 2004). There seems to be no particular season for homicides according to evidence from Cheatwood (1988) and Yan (2000). Michael and Zumpe (1983), for instance, showed no clear links between temperature and monthly number of homicides in different geographic locations and neither did Maes, Meltzer, Suy, and De Meyer, (1993) when they assessed the effect of weather variables on homicides levels. Using cross-sectional and time series analyses Rotton and Cohn (2003) showed that temperature is associated to many violent crimes, such as assault or rape but the effect of temperature was not verified for cases of homicide. Other studies do show however that weather variables, especially temperature, are correlated with serious and lethal violence (Anderson & Anderson, 1984; Anderson, Anderson, Dorr, DeNeve, & Flanagan, 2000; Anderson & Bushman, & Groom 2002; Anderson, Bushman & Groom, 1997; Dexter, 1899; Rotton & Frey, 1985). In Hakko (2000) the seasonal pattern of homicides shows that in Finland, from 1957 to 1995, there was a statistically significant peak in summer and a trough in winter. Findings from preliminary studies in Brazil also show some evidence of seasonal variations of homicides. Lima (1998) suggests that the greatest number of homicides in Sa˜o Paulo state took place during the first 4 months of the year, with the exception of February, which shows lower rates. Beato Filho, Assunc-a˜ o, Santos, Santo, Sapori, and Batitucci (1999) found that the highest quantity of violent crimes in Minas Gerais state occurred between January and March and October and December. A similar variation in Sa˜o Paulo state between 1996 and 2002 is also suggested by Kahn (2003).

Klimaatiline ja geograafiline determinism Varased klimaatilis-geograafilise determinismi käsitlused: Buckle, Huntington – mõõdukas vs mitte eriti mõõdukas kliima kui tsivilisatsiooni arengustimulaator. Kellel on õigus? Probleemid kliima ja käitumise seoste uurimisel Erinevad uurimismeetodid eri regioonides

Bioloogilised kohastumused kliima suhtes Temperatuur: -aklimatiseerumine -teiseste tegurite (raskendav) mõju -kuumus ja kognitiivsed võimed/ sooritusedukus (tööstus/ kool/ militaar) (Bell, Provins, Hiorns, 1964; Hygge, 1992) -andmete interpreteerimise probleemid – temperatuur interakteerub teiste näitajatega -kuumus ja sotsiaalne käitumine: atraktiivsus/ agressiivsus/ abistamine (Griffitt, 1970; Goranson ja King, 1970) -Pika kuuma suve efekt. FBI, 1981

Ekstreemselt kuumad piirkonnad: kõrbealad Probleemid läänemaiste ehituspõhimõtete ülevõtmisel Ruumide ventileerimine Positiivne näide: Shay Gap asula (arhitekt L. Howroyd) Austraalias: -tuginemine kõrbealadel end sajandeid õigustanud planeerimispõhimõtetele -autode eemaldamine -majade lähedus -kogukonnatunde tekitamine

Shay Gap, ca 1972

Külma temperatuuri mõjud Külm ja käitumine: füsioloogilised reaktsioonid ja külmataju aklimatiseerumine külma mõju füüsilisele ja vaimsele tervisele

Ekstreemselt külmad alad: polaarjoone taga Majade isolatsioon (kuivus kui probleem) Külmakahjustused ( ) Sesoonne afektiivne häire (SAD) - tujulangus, energiapuudus, ülesöömine, hüpersomnia -> isu süsivesikute järele Sotsiaalsed probleemid: armukadedus “koduperenaiste” sündroom

There are different levels of danger associated with any extreme situation. In the Arctic, the cold is a constant threat. So are white outs, polar bears, shifting ice and just about everything else. In fact, the key to dealing with any dangerous situation is relatively easy. First and foremost, it is important to simply avoid the hazard and minimize the risk. That may seem especially difficult in the context of such great risk. Knowing yourself both physically and mentally, establishing an efficient daily routine, setting and achieving specific goals, breaking up larger problems in to smaller ones, relying on the support of others all increase your ability to survive. If these systems are second nature, you will tend to stay on the safe side of most situations. (Leon et al, 2011)

Nanisivik: tänaseks tegevuse lõpetanud kaevandus Kanadas

Külmades ja kuumades piirkondades on ruumide disaini puhul vaja jälgida suuresti samu asju: ”arktiline sissepääs” (tuulekoda), vähendamaks temperatuuri ja kondensatsiooniprobleeme tõhusat isolatsioon ja niiskustõke, tagamaks, et niiskus jääks majja. Kuivus on kusjuures külmadel aladel suurem probleem. kolmekordsed aknad – puit praguneb mõlemates tingimustes; alumiinium sobivaim mõlemad kliimad kalduvad inimesi toas kinni hoidma, seega interjöör kriitiline koht. Ruumid peavad tagama esmase rekreatsioonivõimaluse – mida eraldatum on kant, seda olulisem on see aspekt tulevikuprojektid vaatavad maa alla – muuhulgas säästab energiat (kuni 60%) ja kaitseb loodusstiihiate eest mõlemad keskkonnad välistavad laste ja lemmikloomade autosse jätmist vee säästmine on oluline teema mõlemat tüüpi piirkondades

Tuul – selle taju, mõju käitumisele, tervisele ja sooritusele Teatud juhtudel inimtekkeline Mõjud – subjektiivne ebamugavus; soorituse halvenemine Eri tüüpi tuuled: föön, boora, siroko, mistraal (Euroopa) sharaav, chamsin (Lähis-Ida) chinook (Colorado), chamsin, wyoming, Santa Ana (Kalifornia), Pomponio (Argentiina) jt. Väidetavad mõjud meeleolule, õnnetuste sagedusele, sooritusele, IQ ja isiksustestide skooridele, käitumisprobleemidele koolis elavdab sotsiaalset suhtlust Seos kuritegude arvu, enesetappude, delikventsusega Mõju võib olla vahendatud sellest, kuidas tuul parasjagu temperatuuri mõjutab

Õhurõhk ja kõrgus üle merepinna Hapnikupuudus (hüpoksia) Füüsilised ja käitumuslikud mõjud Aklimatiseerumine Kõrgmäestike elanike füsioloogilised eripärad Mõju sooritusele: õppimisvõime halveneb

Sukeldumine: kõrge õhurõhu mõju 90 m – soorituse langus “martiini seadus” – iga 15 meetriga halveneb koordinatsioon sama palju kui pärast ühe martiini joomist

Õhurõhu muutused tavatingimustes Kolme tüüpi mõju: - meditsiiniliste kaebuste arvu kasv -suitsiidide hulga suurenemine -hälbiv käitumine (probleemkäitumine koolis; politsei väljakutsed)

Päike suurendab altruistliku käitumise tõenäosust parem meeleolu rohkem jootraha suurem tööga rahulolu, väiksem kaadri voolavus päike teeb õnnelikuks :P

Kosmos Tuntud Marsi-ekspertide ettekandeid: 2ee-ffda-403a-89ee- 553ac0b36412/osakestefuusik-inimesed-on- marsile-mineku-mottega-juba-harjunud

Värbamine ekstreemsetesse keskkondadesse Sixteen years after the second Europe-wide astronaut selection campaign, the European Space Agency started the third campaign by putting out a call for new astronauts in Due to extreme environmental conditions, expensive scientific experiments, and high public interest, not only are the psychological requirements on a high level, but they are also wide in variety: Besides cognitive and psychomotor requirements, greater importance than in comparable campaigns was put on personality and behavioral aspects, especially regarding interpersonal aspects. The psychological selection was conducted in two steps: Phase 1 concentrated mainly on performance tests and Phase 2 focused on personality and interpersonal behavior. Out of the 902 tested candidates, 46 fulfilled the psychological requirements. Significant differences were found between the astronaut candidates and the general population as well as airline pilot candidates. How Do Astronaut Candidate Profiles Differ From Airline Pilot Profiles? Results From the 2008/2009 ESA Astronaut Selection Peter Maschke, Viktor Oubaid, and Yvonne Pecena