INFLUENCES ON CAREER DECISION-MAKING MODELS Chapter 15 INFLUENCES ON CAREER DECISION-MAKING MODELS Cognitive Information Processing Theory (Prescriptive) Research on learning Research on decision- making Cognitive science developmental approach Spiritual approach (Descriptive) Religion Philosophy COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 1

INDIVIDUALISTIC APPROACH TO DECISION-MAKING Personal reality – My sense of what is right for me Common reality – My sense of what is right for you and others COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 2

SUMMARY OF THE INDIVIDUALISTIC APPROACH Growth of decision-making skills Client-centered Deal with seemingly unrelated issues Humanistic and subjective COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 3

SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVES ON CAREER-DECISION MAKING Religious perspectives Bloch and Richmond’s seven spiritual concepts Miller-Tiedeman’s Lifecareer Foundation COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF MILLER-TIEDEMAN’S LIFECAREER THEORY Each individual is his or her own theory maker Deep respect for the individual and the individual’s Life Process Theory Trust inner wisdom Flow with, rather than fight your career development COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 5

BLOCH AND RICHMOND’S SEVEN THEMES REFLECTING A SPIRITUAL APPROACH TO CAREER DECISION-MAKING Change – Internal or external Balance – Work, play, relationships Energy – Work, play, relationships, self Community – Companionship, culture, cosmic Calling – One’s ideal work Harmony – From work, meditation, stillness Unity – Connectedness with self, others, community, culture, universe COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 6

MILLER-TIEDEMAN’S APPROACH TO CAREER COUNSELING Clients have a career – Their life Clients are the best judge of what works for them Learn through assessing experience Tests and inventories should not interfere with career exploration Help clients set intentions without placing time restrictions on them Be enthusiastic about change COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 7

HANSEN’S SIX TASKS IN AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO CAREER PLANNING 1. Finding work that needs doing in a changing global context. 2. Weaving our lives into a meaningful whole. 3. Connecting family and work. 4. Valuing pluralism and individuality. 5. Managing personal transitions and organizational change 6. Exploring spirituality and life purpose. COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 8

ASSUMPTIONS IN THE APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY TO CAREER DECISION-MAKING COUNSELING Both affect and cognitive processing are important To make career decisions individuals need information about self, world of work, and the thought process Information about self and work are continually changing By improving one’s information processing capabilities, problem-solving abilities are improved COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 9

PYRAMID OF INFORMATION PROCESSING DOMAINS IN CAREER DECISION-MAKING Executive Processing Domain Meta- Cognitions Generic Information Processing Skills (CASVE) Decision-Making Skills Domain Self Knowledge Occupational Knowledge Knowledge Domain COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 10

WHAT’S INVOLVED IN CAREER CHOICE Thinking About My Decision Making Knowing How I Make Decisions Knowing About Myself Knowing About My Options COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 11

CASVE SKILLS IN COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY Communication – Identifying a problem, input from self Analysis – Interrelating problem components – self and occupations Synthesis – Creating likely alternatives Valuing – Prioritizing alternatives Execution – Forming means - ends strategies COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 12

Self-awareness – Knowing what we are doing and why THE EXECUTIVE PROCESSING DOMAIN IN COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY Self-talk – Expectations of ourselves Self-awareness – Knowing what we are doing and why Monitoring and – Monitoring the CASVE Control process COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 13

CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORY Chapter 16 CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORY Outline (Basic concepts) Strengths and Weaknesses COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 14

LAPAN AND TURNER – AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORY A contextually responsive career-counseling system 1. Help clients develop self-efficacy beliefs to deal with barriers that affect outcome expectations and career goals (Chapter 14) 2. Develop vocational identity (Chapter 8) 3. Develop work-readiness skills 4. Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise (Chapter 7) and trait and factor theory (Chapter 2) help students develop an understanding of themselves and work 5. Crystallize valued vocational interests, Super (Chapters 7 and 8) 6. Help students to achieve academically and to value lifelong learning. (Chapter 9) COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 15

CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORIES FOR CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE Childhood Developmental Super Gottfredson Adolescence Developmental Trait and Factor Other Marcia Holland Constructivist Super Work Adjustment Social learning Social cognitive Spiritual Cognitive information processing COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 16

CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORIES FOR ADULTHOOD Developmental Trait and Factor Other Super Holland Constructivist Myers-Briggs Social learning Work Adjustment Social cognitive Spiritual Cognitive information processing COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 17

COMBINING THEORIES Types of theories and how well they can be combined with similar theories or different types of theories. Trait and Factor Decision- making Developmental Decision-making Developmental Trait and factor poor good good good possible good good good good COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 18

NON COUNSELING APPLICATIONS OF THEORIES Screening methods – Super, Holland, Myers-Briggs Paper and pencil methods – Holland Computer assisted guidance systems – Trait and factor, Holland Internet – Career information, career counseling organizations, education, occupations, job postings COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 19

USING THEORIES IN GROUP CAREER COUNSELING Widely used Possible to be used Holland Constructivist Krumboltz’s Spiritual approaches Social learning Cognitive information processing Myers-Briggs Gottfredson Hopson and Adams Social cognitive Super Trait and factor Work adjustment COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 20

THEORIES APPLIED TO PLACEMENT AND OUTPLACEMENT COUNSELING Holland or – Use types to assess networking and Myers-Briggs – job search style Hopson and Adams – Respond to career crises Super – Determine values of various roles – View job search strategies differently depending on life stages Cognitive – Execution stage of the CASVE cycle Information COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 21

OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Holland’s six types Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC) Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 22

Super’s life span theory (women and culturally diverse populations) THEORIES MOST CONCERNED WITH ISSUES RELATED TO WOMEN AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY Social cognitive career theory (women and culturally diverse populations) Gottfredson (women) Super’s life span theory (women and culturally diverse populations) COPYRIGHT © 2014 Brooks/Cole*Wadsworth Publishing Company A division of Cengage Inc. 23