Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Recall Renewable and Non-renewable resources…put definition on sheet if you need to… RENEWABLE – CAN BE REPLACED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED NON-RENEWABLE – CANNOT BE REPLACED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED

Fossil Fuels, Mineral Resources and Nuclear Energy Resources and Energy Fossil Fuels, Mineral Resources and Nuclear Energy

1. Petroleum and Natural Gas (fossil fuels – non-renewable) Petroleum and Natural Gas are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed largely from microorganisms on the sea floor. Heat and pressure creates petroleum and natural gas Petroleum is liquid oil hydrocarbons (used to make petrochemicals) Natural gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon

Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits Petroleum and natural gas exist in the pore spaces of rocks. Pressure at depth forces the petroleum up until it reaches a “cap rock” (impermeable rock) such at the top of an anticline or fault.

Oil And Natural Gas http://www.santelmoenergy.com/industry/fundamentalsp2.asp

FAULT TRAP Impermeable shale Gas Oil Water http://www.santelmoenergy.com/industry/fundamentalsp2.asp Water FAULT TRAP

Gas OIL ANTICLINAL TRAP

Fossil Fuels and the Environment Disadvantages: Burning, in general, causes air pollution. Burning of high sulfur coal causes sulfur dioxide which in turn causes acid rain. Advantages: It is relatively cheap and easy to use.

2. Coal (a fossil fuel (pure carbon) formed from peat swamps) Peat: Unconsolidated plant remains.

Lignite: “brown coal” Lowest rank

Bituminous: Dense, black, soft coal. Most common

Anthracite: A dense, shiny hard coal. Burns with a clean flame

Peat LIGNITE ANTHRACITE BITUMINOUS Pressure More Pressure Highest Pressure ANTHRACITE BITUMINOUS

Coal distribution in the U.S. http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/resass/fig8.html#fig8 (U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118 )

Coal distribution in the U.S. http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/resass/fig8.html#fig8 Accessed areas are outlined in black

Fossil Fuels http://talc.geo.umn.edu/courses/3005/resource.html

Top 20 Oil Reserves (75% found) Top is??? Saudi Arabia! http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/ene_nat_gas_res&int=20#

Top 20 Natural Gas Reserves Top is??? Iran! http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/ene_nat_gas_res&int=20#

Petroleum Deposit Environments Please fill in the KEY at the bottom of the sheet at your desk with the colors of your choice and then color-code the diagram.

WHY you Absolutely, Positively Must Have Someone Somewhere Who Develops the Resources You Use Every Day.

The World Distribution of Mineral Resources is Generally uneven - determined by geologic history and tectonic setting. High metal concentrations along active or extinct plate boundaries.

Copper and Gold Deposits http://www.rockhounds.com/rockgem/articles/bingham_canyon.html

Mineral Deposits vs. Ores A mineral deposit is a naturally-occurring concentration of a particular mineral - examples? Copper, sulfur, quartz, Corundum An ORE is a mineral deposit that can be economically developed.

Formation of Mineral Deposits 3. Igneous or metamorphic activity leaves VEINS of minerals. Left: Sample of Merensky Reef showing from top to bottom: feldspathic pyroxenite, top chromite stringer, pegmatoidal feldspathic pyroxenite with sulphides, basal chromite stringer, mottled anorthosite (sample courtesy of Mr Kevin Boerst). http://www.wits.ac.za/geosciences/

http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic?eu=62441&type=17

Ex: Copper Deposits http://www.rockhounds.com/rockgem/articles/bingham_canyon.html

Copper Deposits http://www.rockhounds.com/rockgem/articles/bingham_canyon.html

Malachite is copper ore

Formation of Mineral Deposits 4. Sedimentary Placer Deposits - Preferential settling of denser minerals from flowing water. Gold and diamonds http://pujol.chez.tiscali.fr/placer/placers_alluviaux.html

Placer deposits are in red Draw this! Placer deposits are in red Erosion is in yellow

Gold Placer Deposits 4th period start here

Gold Placer Deposits http://www.muskoxminerals.com/s/Home.asp

Gold Placer Deposits http://www.muskoxminerals.com/s/Home.asp

Formation of Mineral Deposits 5. Weathering removes soluble components of rock, leaving behind concentrated ore Ex: Bauxite (aluminum ore)

Bauxite to Aluminum

Bauxite Concentrations

Aluminum is successfully recycled

Formation of Mineral Deposits 6. Evaporation leaves a precipitated salt layer 5th and 6th stopped here 24th Saltworks in San Francisco Bay

Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa Mining Methods 1. Surface Mining Inexpensive, but reclamation is high 3rd stopped here Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa http://www.geotimes.org/dec03/feature_SAfrica.html

Mud River, southern West Virginia

Mining Methods 2. Underground Mining Cheaper reclamation, but overall more expensive

Underground Mining http://www.bullion.org.za/welcome.htm

Underground Mining http://www.bullion.org.za/welcome.htm

Underground Mining http://www.bullion.org.za/welcome.htm

Underground Mining http://www.bullion.org.za/welcome.htm

Underground Mining http://www.bullion.org.za/welcome.htm

Formation of Mineral Deposits Please get your colored pencils and color-code the Igneous intrusions Orange, extrusive igneous rock pink, and contact Metamorphic Rock green and regional metamorphic rock purple, sediment Blue and sedimentary rock brown.

Alternative Energy Resources Nuclear Power

1. Nuclear Energy Definitions to remember Isotope – atom that exhibits variation in its mass number Mass number – sum of the neutrons and the protons in an atom Atomic number – # of protons found in the nucleus Atomic weight – average of the atomic masses of all the element's isotopes http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p2066.htm

http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p2066.htm

Definitions To Know Fusion – a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy. The sun uses this process

Proton-proton chain Graphic: Univ Tenn. Knoxville

Both fusion and fission form NEW ELEMENTS Definitions To Know Fission – the splitting of the nucleus of a larger atom into two or more smaller ones with the simultaneous release of energy. Nuclear Reactors use this process to heat water – steam turns turbines(see page 203) Both fusion and fission form NEW ELEMENTS

n Combining 2 small atoms to create one large atom and ENERGY WHAT IS NUCLEAR FUSION? Combining 2 small atoms to create one large atom and ENERGY Temperature and pressure must be incredibly high for this to occur

The Energy Of Atomic Fission Fuels for Nuclear Reactors U-235 is the initial fuel for all fission reactors ADVANTAGE: 1 gram of U235 equals 2.7 tons coal!

Release of Energy! Uranium 235 Split Nuclei

The Disposal Of Nuclear Waste (DISADVANTAGE) Radioactive Waste must be stored for 250,000 years What is to be done? Continue ON-SITE water pools and dry-tank storage.

2. Solar Energy (converts sunlight into heat or electricity) Advantages of Solar Power Infinite supply/renewable No pollution Disadvantages Cloudy days and nighttime requires storing of energy. 3rd jan 10

Solar Energy Mojave Desert, Kramer Junction, California Oil in tubes is heated, then transferred to a power station to generate electricity Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy A solar dish-engine system is an electric generator that "burns" sunlight instead of gas or coal to produce electricity Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy - Photovoltaics Sunderbans region of West Bengal, India. Rooftop PV modules on a village health center in West Bengal provide power for refrigerators containing medicines and vaccines, for lights, and for other important needs. Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy-Photovoltaics Mars Rover “Sojourner ” Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

Solar Energy-Photovoltaics PV shingles from United Solar Systems Corporation mount directly on the roof and serve two purposes: they produce electricity for the home and provide the same protection value of an asphalt roof shingle. Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

3. Hydroelectric Power (from running water generating electricity) Advantages Successfully supplies a small percent (11%)of the nation’s power. Water supply is constant and free. Disadvantages Most acceptable hydro sites are already developed. Dams are expensive and cause destruction of free-running rivers and their ecosystems. 7th jan 10

4. Tidal Power (Tides used to generate electricity) Advantages Low environmental impact. Constant supply Disadvantages Few locations to utilize Low production 5th jan 10 La Rance, France (tidal range of 27 feet)

5. Wave Energy from Ocean Waves used to generate electricity Advantages Low environmental impact. Constant supply Disadvantages Few locations to utilize Low production

6. Thermal Power from Ocean - Each day the oceans absorb energy from the sun =250 billion barrels of oil that can be converted to electricity. Advantages Constant supply OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) systems convert this energy to electricity while desalinating ocean water. Disadvantages Expensive Not widely used Difficult to distribute from ocean-based power plants. 2nd jan 10

7. Wind Power (wind turns turbines to generate electricity) Advantages are a clean source of energy. Renewable. Problems Inconsistent (can only supply 10% of energy requirements) few practical places is detrimental to bird migrations/bats

8. Geothermal Power – Heat Energy from the Earth used to generate electricity Advantages Renewable Consistent No pollution Problem Few sites/Not wide-spread/Expensive

Source: http://www.os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa

U.S. Geothermal Resource Map

Old Faithful

9. BIOMASS(add to right of Geothermal Energy…) Corn, soybeans, grasses and wheat (biofuels) are used for energy generation. Advantages: Renewable & Cleaner than fossil fuels. Disadvantages: Costly processing and difficult to integrate into current fuel use habits.

10. Oil Shale (contains kerogen) Advantages Plentiful in the U.S. Disadvangages Not very efficient source of energy (1/8 of crude oil) Expensive extraction and processing of Kerogen in shale (similar to crude oil)

More on Pollution and Resources Heavy industries cause high CO2 concentrations Wood-burning causes SMOKE pollution Release of CFCs (from refrigerators and air conditioners) destroys the ozone (mostly remedied by national cooperation). Coal Burning causes acid rain (local or carried by wind to other areas). Mining operations cause acidic conditions that can be long-term in runoff or groundwater.

Virginia’s Resources Coastal Plain supplies crushed stone for road construction and gravel; Valley and Ridge supplies limestone for concrete; Piedmont supplies quartzite, slate and pyrite; and the Plateau supplies coal. Blue ridge supplies granite.

Rock, Sand & Gravel Applications Decorative / landscaping Concrete / construction Flooring, walls, roofs

Sand & Gravel April 7, 2002: Curtis Sand & Gravel mining operation in Soledad Canyon (east of state Route 14, near the old Lang Station site). Photo by Leon Worden; flight courtesy of Gerry Hider. <http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/lw2156a.htm>

Rock Granite, limestone, marble, & slate Mined from quarries Uses: Construction and decorative Pietrasanta marble quarry, Italy, “found” by Michelangelo http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/mich/pietrasanta-20nov98/pietrasanta-20nov98.html

Marble Quarry…

Slate

Slate Quarry

Slate used for roofing

Slate used for fencing

Malachite Copper Ore

Va Map

Please take out your Virginia Map Add in the Blue Ridge Mountains Province: Catoctin Mountain – ancient metabasalt (metamorphosed basalt) and basalt flows

PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR VIRGINIA MAP! The Five Provinces PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR VIRGINIA MAP!

RED TEXT should be copied onto your map. Virginia is divided into 5 provinces based on their geologic formations. RED TEXT should be copied onto your map.

1. Coastal Plain

It is a terraced landscape. The Coastal Plain runs from the fall line on the west, to the Atlantic Ocean on the east. It is a terraced landscape.

Gravel, Sand, silt and clay produced by erosion of the Appalachian Mts (young unconsolidated sediments) covers the plain. As sea levels rose and fell, fossils were left at various layers.

Virginia Fossils Fossils include various marine organisms like clams, scallops, shark teeth, and other hard remains.

2. Piedmont

Facts about the Va. Piedmont It is an area of rolling hills underlain by ancient igneous and metamorphic rock. It is the largest of the provinces.

Mining the Piedmont High quality slate is mined from this area. The Piedmont host one of the worlds largest kyanite mines. Kyanite

3. Blue Ridge Mountains

Blue Ridge Facts The billion year old igneous and metamorphic rocks are the oldest in the state.

Blue Ridge Facts It is the highest ridge separating the piedmont from the valley and ridge province.

4. Valley and Ridge Province

Valley and Ridge The Valley and Ridge Province is an area of long parallel ridges and valleys underlain by ancient folded and faulted sedimentary rocks.

Cambrian fossil algal structures (stromatolites) are found in the V&R Province.

Limestone outcrops are common in the Valley and Ridge Province.

This area is also famous for Karst Topography.

Sink holes!

Caverns!

Back to your map…

5. Appalachian Plateau

Appalachian Plateau Facts The Appalachian Plateau has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks

Appalachian Plateau Facts

COAL!

Appalachian Plateau Facts Most of Virginia's coal is found in the Appalachian Plateau.

Appalachian Plateau Facts These old sedimentary rocks contain many fossils and tons of coal.

Virginia Fossils Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic fossils are found in Virginia in the plateau, valley and ridge or the coastal plain.

Answer these questions on your note packet. Quiz Time Answer these questions on your note packet.

Questions! 1.Which province is covered by gravel, sand, silt and clay? 2.Which province has Cambrian algal fossils? 3. This province has a terraced landscape.

4. This province contains billion year old rocks. 5. Which province is underlain by ancient ,flat-lying sedimentary rocks?

Correct your answers, if necessary 1. Coastal Plain 2. Valley and Ridge 3. Coastal Plain 4. Blue Ridge 5. Appalachian Plateau

Answer these questions on your note packet 1. Which province, that has already been described, is known for having layers of fossils?

2. Which province is the largest? 3. Which province has the oldest rocks? 4. Which province has slate and kyanite mines?

5. This province has flat-lying sedimentary rocks. 6. This province has rolling hills underlain by ancient rocks. 7. What do we call an irregular limestone region with sink holes and caverns?

8. Which province is at the most western part of the state? 9. Which province is the largest? Oops! I repeated this one! 10.Which province is famous for coal?

How did you do? Correct your answers, if necessary.

The Answers 1. Coastal Plain 6. Piedmont 7.Karst 2. Piedmont 3. Blue Ridge 4. Piedmont 5. Appalachian Plateau 6. Piedmont 7.Karst 8. Appalachian Plateau 9. Piedmont 10. Appalachian Plateau