The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution 22

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in 1914

The Road to World War I  Nationalism and Internal Dissent  Rivalries over colonies  Nationalism  Socialist labor movements create fear nations on the eve of revolution  Militarism  Conscription Russia an army of 1.3 million France and Germany, 900,000  Influence of military leaders Complex military plans Inflexibility of military plans

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. World War I,

The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914  Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans  Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophia, June 28, 1914  Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914  Austrians see chance to stop Serbian nationalistic movements  Germany promises support  Russian mobilization  Schlieffen Plan

The Great War  : Illusions and Stalemate  Trench warfare  Failure of the Schlieffen Plan  First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914  Russian failures  Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914  Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914  Driven out of Galicia and Serbia

World War I, 1914 – 1918

1916 – 1917: The Great Slaughter  Trench warfare  “No man’s land”  No plan for fighting a trench war  Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed  Horrors of trench warfare

The Widening of the War  Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on Ottomans  Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915  Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central Powers  Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary  Middle East  T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia ( )  Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South West Africa, German East Africa, and Pacific  Entry of the United States  Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915  German return to unrestricted submarine warfare  United States enters the war, April 6, 1917  Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

The Home Front: The Impact of Total War  Extension of government power  Politics  Economics  Internal dissent Defense of the Realm Act in Britain  Propaganda  New roles for women

The Russian Revolution  Problems of Tsar Nicholas II  Military problems  Influence of Rasputin  Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917  Led by women  Demand “Peace and bread”  Soldiers joined the strike  Provisional government takes control  Alexander Kerensky ( )  Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution  V.I. Lenin ( )  Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918

Civil War  Communist (Red) Army  Leon Trotsky  White army  How the Bolsheviks won  Red Terror  Chekka  Allied invasion  100,000 troops

The Last Year of the War  Last German offensive, March - July, 1918  Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918  William II abdicated, November 9, 1918  Armistice, November 11, 1918

The Peace Settlement  Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations  Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points  Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security  Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to punish Germany  Agreement to create the League of Nations

The Treaty of Versailles  Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany  Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919  Article 231, War Guilt Clause  Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force  Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland  Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

The Other Peace Treaties  Territorial changes in Europe  Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears  Germany and Russia lose territory Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary  As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem  Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire  Mandates France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Territorial Changes in Europe and the Middle East after World War I

The Futile Search for Stability  Uneasy peace, uncertain security  Weaknesses of the League of Nations  Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921  Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr valley  Dawes Plan, August 1924  Treaty of Locarno, 1925  Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926  Disarmament

The Great Depression  Two events set the stage for the depression  Problems in domestic economies  International financial crisis  Problems of the 1920s  Crash of the American stock market, October 1929  Worldwide problems  High unemployment  Bank failures  Governments relied on:  Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising tariffs  Increased involvement of the government into economics  Renewed interest in Marxist principles

The Democratic States  Britain  John Maynard Keynes ( )  Keynes argued for putting people to work  Called for deficit spending  France  Governmental problems  Popular Front  Germany  Weimar Republic  Runaway inflation,  Prosperity from  United States  New Deal  Works Progress Administration (WPA)  Social reforms

Socialism in Soviet Russia  Problems facing Russia after the Civil War  New Economic Policy (NEP)  Modified capitalism  The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  Alexandra Kollontai ( )  Women’s rights and social welfare  Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power  The Politburo  Joseph Stalin ( )  Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival  By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power

In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends  Breakdown of middle-class values  Nightmares and New Visions  Abstract painting  Dadaism Tristan Tzara ( )  Surrealism Salvador Dalí ( )  Probing the Unconscious  James Joyce ( ), Ulysses  Hermann Hesse ( )  Mass entertainment

Discussion Questions  What role did new technology play in World War I?  Why role did Europe’s African and Asian colonies play in the conflict?  How did military setbacks contribute to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?  What were the objectives of the major powers at the Versailles peace conference?  How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and the United States respond to the challenges presented by the Great Depression?