WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 1 1 Groundwater Development and Drilling Session 5 Protecting Groundwater Sources

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 2 Session Aims 2 Demonstrate the potential impacts on groundwater that may affect security of the water source, Discuss systems that must be put in place to determine whether the water supply is able to be sustained for on-going use, and Demonstrate what issues need to be understood for on-going use

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 3 Question 1: What are some of the risks to the use of groundwater for emergency water supply? Key Risks to Groundwater 3 Reduction of groundwater availability / Depletion of aquifer yield due to excessive drawdown, sustainability, interference from other bores Water quality impacts - contamination in the catchment and near the bore -eg salt water intrusion, latrines, other pollutants Protection of the bore itself -eg animals, agricultural runoff, dirty equipment, including vandalism Contamination from up-gradient contaminants, salt water intrusion Set up costs, time lags, proper investigation and design Costs of pumping, maintenance of pumps and fuel supply Interruption to power or fuel supply (related to well infrastructure and delivery– session GWD4)

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 4 QUIZ 2: What factors will affect the amount of water that can be extracted from a well? What will happen if the well is pumped at too high a rate What happens when the pump stops? Does this apply to all wells? What might the long term effect of this be? Reduced Yield from a Well 4

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 5 Relevance to Emergency Reduction of flow from well or spring related to the balance between the amount of water removed from an aquifer and the amount that recharges. Unless there is adequate seasonal recharge into the aquifer, the volume of groundwater stored in the aquifer will be reduced - ultimately unsustainable supply. If extraction is too great on a particular day, the yield of the well on that day may drop off Changes due to pumping drawdown and recovery due to recharge need to be carefully monitored to make sure supply is maintained Reduction in Availability 5

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 6 Groundwater potentially protected by being below the surface Potability can be influenced by: –Natural variations in salinity –Naturally occurring chemicals –Man-induced contamination Water Quality Effects 6

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 7 Salinity –Potable (<1000mg/L) based on palatibility Turbidity –Can be serious in hand dug wells and poorly constructed drilled wells Dissolved Iron –Unpleasant taste and colour Dissolved Carbonate / bicarbonate –Unpleasant taste, precipitation on pipes Naturally occurring quality issues 7

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 8 High Fluoride and Arsenic occur in some groundwaters Can be naturally occurring Can be detrimental to health Tend to be due to long term exposure – but requires careful assessment Natural Toxicants 8

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 9 Contamination by Humans 9

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 10 Microbiological contamination 10 The bacterium Escherichia.coli is found in the intestines of warm blooded animals, - present in the faeces of humans Latrines can be a source of contamination with E.coli – Bacteria and viruses have relatively short lives in groundwater Latrine siting is important - not in the groundwater flow path

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 11 Microbiological contamination 11

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 12 Protection of Well surrounds 12 Poorly maintained well head at pumping well with pathway for contamination down the well, Osire Refugee Camp, Namibia

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 13 Protection of Well surrounds 13 Filthy surrounds to shallow well and likely contamination introduced to a well by rope. Note the broken hand pump has compromised the security of the well head. To access the well buckets are used. Gassire, Eastern Chad

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 14 Protection of Well surrounds 14 Sanitary well conditions at the well head but a contamination source (pig pens) is immediately behind the fence (Nias, Indonesia, 2006).

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 15 Emergency can cause additional demand –Increased drawdown on existing wells –Over-extraction pressure on the aquifer Too many people at a well (eg open well) can lead to contamination Maintenance of Aquifers and Well Infrastructure 15

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 16 Repairing and disinfecting wells 16 Litter in well after Tsunami, Band Aceh, Indonesia Rubbish removed from the base of an open well during well rehabilitation, Gassire, Chad After rubbish removal, disinfection with a chlorine solution

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 17 Refurbishing well surrounds 17 Original unsanitary well surrounds, Rehabilitated apron with drainage point bottom left.

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 18 Repair of deep wells 18 Deep wells can be degraded by: Microbiological contamination – can be disinfected with chlorine solution Casing and screen corrosion – repair or replacement Build up of bacterial slime (fouling) on screens – chemical treatments Treatment / repair of existing wells needs careful assessment and specialist inputs Not a focus for first phase emergencies.

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 19 Spring Protection 19 Dedicated buckets and collection cell, Nias,Indonesia

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 20 Monitoring QUIZ 2: MONITORING QUIZ Why monitor? What to consider in a monitoring program What type of information is collected for a groundwater source?

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training GWD GWD5 21 Monitoring Monitoring of water level, usage and quality is important fundamental to record and store the data Data must be looked at and used to make best use of the groundwater resource Monitoring groundwater levels in new water supply well