Starter activity Write down the 5 theories we discussed yesterday as proposed by Freud What is the Oedipus complex?

SIGMUND FREUD Key study Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy

Learning Objectives By the end of the session, all learners will have: 1. identified concepts of Freud research / theories specifically personality and defence mechanisms 2. described the different elements of the case study 3. explored possible issues with the case study 4. considered evaluation points in relation to case study 5. identified areas they are confident with and areas that they are not Some learners will have:  Completed exam questions  Answered questions  Shared ideas and group thoughts

Task.... (LO1) In groups, complete the card sort activity There are 3 columns you need to consider:  Defence  Explanation  Example When complete and have checked your answers, complete the handout given

Interesting research ~ Adams et al 1996: Reaction Formation Reaction Formation= adopting a view that is the direct opposite of true feelings. Studied homophobic men watching gay porn. Measured aggression levels and sexual arousal. questionnaire, self reports and physiological.

Results Adams et al No difference in aggression. No difference when viewing lesbians or heterosexual scenes. BUT 80% homophobic men were aroused when viewing gay scenes- compared to only 33% non-homophobic men. Evidence for defence mechanism against being gay.

What therapy did Freud use? On the basis of these theories Freud developed several therapy techniques which all fall under the umbrella title of... Psychological problems are the result of unconscious processes. Unconscious thoughts and emotions therefore need to be brought into awareness to be dealt with. This produces catharsis and cures the problem.

What are psychoanalysis techniques? All of the techniques were meant to avoid the defences of the conscious mind All require interpretation of symbols 1. Hypnosis 2. Free association 3. Dream Analysis 4. Projective Tests 5. Transference See handout for additional information ~ for the exam you need to know a little about these but not in depth

Little Hans Using the hand out provided or making your own notes consider the different elements of the case study as we go through the PowerPoint (LO2) Aims ~  One aim was to treat Hans’ horse phobia  A secondary aim was to record evidence to support Freud’s theory of psychosexual development including the ‘Oedipus Complex’ This is an example of ‘Action research’

Background Freud had a theory of psychosexual stages of child development:  oral0–18 months  anal2–3 years  phallic3–5 years  latency5–12 years  genital12–18 years Freud suggests most of the mind in inaccessible ‘unconscious’ and this is where the psychodynamic conflict occurs

Aspects of the Phallic stage unconscious conflicts and desires primary erogenous zone is genital unconscious desire for opposite-sex parent develops leading to hatred/jealousy of same-sex parent, leading to guilt and fear of retribution from the father leading to castration fear resulting eventually in ‘gender identification’ i.e. the resolution of the conflict leads to adopting the behaviours of same-sex parent

Method Case study This is an example of a Case study –look up the case study section in your text book for more detail  Freud also used one interview  Freud analysed Little Hans using letters from Hans’ father who asked Hans questions and noted down Hans’ conversations, dreams and behaviours.

Case History Hans’s father and mother were devotees of Freud. They agreed to bring up Hans with as little discipline as possible. Hans developed into a cheerful boy. Hans’ father wrote to Freud, sometimes reporting what had been said, or what Hans had done, sometimes putting his own interpretation on things. He asked Hans questions that he thought Freud would want him to ask, and also what Freud told him to ask. Hans met Freud once during this case study for one interview.

Participant Little Hans was born in He was:  aged 3 when first reports made  aged 3½ when castration threat made  aged 3½ when sister Hannah born  aged 3¾ when had first dream  aged 4 when moved house  aged 4½ when visited Gmunden and Hans heard the warning about the biting horse  aged 4¾ when saw falling horse and developed phobia of horses  aged 5 at the end of analysis.

Hans’ obsession Hans showed ‘lively’ interest in his penis (which he called his ‘widdler’). He often touched his widdler. He asked if others, e.g. his mother had a ‘widdler’. He looked at animals, tables, engines, and so on, for a ‘widdler’ and widdling.

He was told that if he touched his widdler, the doctor would come and cut it off. When 4½, Hans was being bathed and asked his mother to touch his ‘widdler’. Mother says it would be ‘priggish’. Hans says ‘But its great fun’.

Hanna When Hanna was seven days old, he watched her bath and noticed that she had a very small ‘widdler’. Hans was jealous and at first didn’t want Hanna but after six months had got over his jealousy. He fantasised about her being dropped in the bath – like lumpf in the toilet! (a German word for faeces) Why do you think he associated the baby with lumpf?

Continued… When Hans is 4¾, he had developed a fear of baths. Hans’ father suggests this is because Hans wants his mother to drop Hanna in bath and so is frightened she might do the same to him.

Hans’s friends Hans was friends with lots of children, both girls and boys. (Freud said this was his first indication of homosexuality.) The children of their landlord at the summer house in Gmunden were friends. Hans wanted to sleep in the bed with them, which Freud interpreted as erotic desire, as Hans slept in parents bed, (his father objected to this) which is also erotic according to Freud.

Hans’s phobia Hans developed a fear that a horse would bite him in the street. Hans also had an anxiety dream that his mother had gone away. Hans said that he saw a white horse at Gmunden and his friend Lizzi was told ‘don’t put your finger to the white horse or it will bite you’.

Freud’s interpretation Hans was repressing his desire to masturbate as his parents had told him not to, so this was causing anxiety at night-time. Hans’ obsession with penises had lead to a fear of horses as they have big ones. Hans associated being told not to ‘put his finger’ to his penis with the white horse biting and developed a castration complex.

Giraffe dream Hans goes to his parents’ bed as he has had a bad dream: The dream was of a little giraffe and a big giraffe.  The little giraffe crumpled and the big giraffe called out when Hans took the crumpled one. Hans sat on the crumpled one. Freud’s interpretation was that the little giraffe = mother’s genitals, big giraffe = father’s penis, sitting on =possession of mother.

Hans meets Freud Hans met Freud just once. Hans said that he is particularly frightened of white horses with blinkers and black mouths. Freud told Hans that he was afraid of his father (who had pale face, moustache and glasses) because Hans was so fond of his mother.

Improvement in Hans After the meeting with Freud, Hans’ phobia improves. Hans admits he is frightened his father will leave him, ‘Don’t trot away from me.’

Plumber fantasy (2) Hans dreams that a plumber came and took his behind and penis away and replaced them with bigger ones. Freud’s interpretation was that Hans’s castration complex is overcome and he now realises that he will not lose his penis, it will just get bigger.

Final fantasy Hans’ final fantasy was about having children and being the daddy. Hans’ mother was his children’s mummy and his father was the ‘granddaddy’!

Task… YOUR interpretations! In small groups, consider what other explanation there could have been for these issues proposed to Freud

Other explanations normal sibling jealousy of sister saw a horse and cart fall over in the street and that this frightened him (behaviourist explanation)

Some issues In groups, consider some possible issues with the research and findings (LO3) leading questions may have been used parents’ obsession with Hans’s masturbation Hans’ father subjective/biased account of information, which he passes to Freud

Conclusions Hans was a ‘little Oedipus’ according to Freud. Hans was at the phallic stage of development. Unconsciously his fear of castration within the Oedipus conflict showed in his fear of horses. By the age of five, with some help, Hans had overcome the Oedipus conflict and passed out of phallic stage. Issues with his father were resolved. I suggest you read further about this case study this pp only skims the surface I suggest you read further about this case study this pp only skims the surface

Evaluation task… Consider what evaluation points you could explore in relation to the case study of Little Hans (LO4) Consider:  Ethics  criticisms that could be encountered  Strengths  Other possible interpretations / explanations

How do you feel…. Using the cards given, either:  GREEN very confident with Little Hans  YELLOW feel you are ok with most of Little Hans  RED lots of gaps that you are unsure about Please can you also hand me 1 question that you would like me to bring into revision sessions next week ~ this can be about anything that we have covered

Learning Objectives All learners have: 1. identified concepts of Freud research / theories specifically personality and defence mechanisms 2. described the different elements of the case study 3. explored possible issues with the case study 4. considered evaluation points in relation to case study 5. identified areas they are confident with and areas that they are not Some learners have:  Completed exam questions  Answered questions  Shared ideas and group thoughts