Archaea & Bacteria Domains C23, pp

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Archaea & Bacteria Domains C23, pp461-476 Prokaryotes Archaea & Bacteria Domains C23, pp461-476

Prokaryotic facts Most numerous organisms on Earth Earth’s earliest fossils (3.5 x 109 yrs old) Lack membrane-bound organelles rRNA analysis shows Archaea linked more to Eukaryotes than to Bacteria Generally have cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm with ribosomes, DNA, & small ions/ molecules

Archaea vs. Bacteria Cell walls DNA Groups Bacteria have peptidoglycans. Archaea don’t. DNA Archaea have introns. Bacteria don’t. Groups A: Methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophile B: Bacilli, cocci, spirilla; gram-pos & gram-negative

Bacterial Cell Characteristics, p468 Capsule: protects & aids in attachments Cell wall: protects & gives shape Cell membrane: control passage in/out of cells Plasmid: carries genes in small DNA loop Endospore: contains DNA; thick-coated Pilus: attachment during conjugation Flagellum: propels cells Gram-neg outer membrane: deflect antibiotics

Bacteria Nutrition, p469 Autotroph Heterotroph Photoautotroph (uses sunlight; gets C from CO2) Chemoautotroph (gets energy from inorganic cpd; gets Carbon from CO2) Heterotroph Photoheterotroph (uses light energy but get Carbon from other organisms Chemoheterotroph (gets energy & C from other organisms)

Prokaryotic Reproduction, p471 Single circular loop of DNA is copied Binary fission yields 2 identical daughter cells Exchanging DNA Transformation Gets DNA from its outside environment Conjugation Gets DNA from other prokaryote via sex pilus Transduction Virus copies piece of host DNA & transfers it to others

Prokaryotic Habitats, p470 Obligate anaerobes = no O2 allowed Facultative anaerobes = + O2 is OK Obligate aerobes = O2 necessary Psychrophilic = cold-loving (0oC – 20oC) Mesophiles = average (20o-40oC) Thermophiles = hot-loving (45o- 110oC) Acidophiles = pH at or below 6.0 Most prefer neutral pH range of 6.5 – 7.5

Bacterial disease, p472 Disease Bacterium Anthrax Botulism Tetanus Cholera Gonorrhea Dental caries Food poisoning Lyme disease Bacterium Bacillus anthracis Clostridium botulinum Clostridium tetani Vibrio cholerae Neisseria gonorrhoeae Streptococcus mutans Salmnella typhimurium Borrelia burgdorferi

Bacteria in Industry Foods Medicine Agriculture Fermentation  buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt Cheeses, sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, coffee, soy Medicine Acetone, acetic acid, enzymes, antibiotics, insulin Agriculture Endotoxins as insecticides Bioremediation = degrade petroleum