Chapter 6 A Changing Nation During the early 1800s, the federal government increases its authority. At the same time, the Monroe Doctrine expands U.S. influence in Latin America. More people earn the right to vote during Andrew Jackson’s presidency, yet Jackson forces Native Americans in the South to move west.

Chapter 6, Section 1 Building a National Identity p Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court all acted to increase federal power.

The Era of Good Feelings James Monroe (Democratic- Republican) elected President in 1816 – End of the Federalist Party Tours the nation to promote national unity - Cheered even in New England Newspapers describe the sense of national unity as the “Era of Good Feelings.” Why? - Runs unopposed in James Monroe 5 th U.S. President was with Washington at Battles of Trenton and Princeton in 1776, and helped with Louisiana Purchase & Treaty of Ghent

America in 1816 Monroe becomes president in 1817 America is beginning to be defined by 3 “sections” – North – South – West

Building the National Economy Sectionalism of national economy and interests: Daniel Webster of Massachusetts (North) – Goals: Protect Industry & promote manufacturing Henry Clay of Kentucky (West) – Goals: Promote Western Expansion – Improve transports (build roads & canals) John Calhoun - South Carolina (South) – Goals: Defend “states’ rights” & promote agriculture Daniel Webster (North) Henry Clay (West) John C. Calhoun (South)

“STATES’ RIGHTS!” Which of the three leaders would you expect to be the strongest supporter of slavery? Explain. Question for Discussion:

Building the National Economy (continued) 2 nd Bank of the United States - – Charter for the 1 st bank expires in 1811 – legal document giving rights to a person or company Without the bank, U.S. economy suffers – Republican party switches from opposing the bank to supporting it – give bank another 20 years. Privately owned, bank controls money supply & gives the economy a boost The Tariff of – To protect U.S. manufacturing from British competition British were dumping (selling goods below market price) The tariff (tax) increases the cost of imports by 20% Clay’s American System – – Clay wants to spend tariff money on infrastructure (roads, bridges and canals). Why? – His system never fully develops – Both Madison and Monroe are against it And now for something completely different… Calhoun: “The tariff favors the North.” Clay: “The tariff is good for America.”

3 Important Supreme Court Rulings McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): establishes national supremacy when the Court rules that a state can’t tax the national government Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): establishes protection for private contracts (a lawful agreement). This helps promote capitalism (private businesses competing in a free market). Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) establishes Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce (trade between 2 or more states) Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall presided over 1,127 decisions ( ) Gibbons v. Ogden = National Gov. controls interstate commerce.