12.2 Notes Special Inheritance

Autosomes--22 pairs of chromosomes in a human Sex chromosomes--23rd (last) pair of chromosomes Ex. XX-female XY-male The male always determines sex of offspring

22 AutosomesSex chromosomes

Sex-linked traits--traits located on sex chromosomes Ex. In drosophila (fruit flies), X R = red eyes, X r = white eyes (located on X chromosome)

Cross white eye male (X r Y) with red eye female (X R X R ) X r Y XRXR XRXR XRXrXRXr XRYXRY XRXrXRXr XRYXRY Phenotypic ratio--50% male 50% female 100% red eyes

White-eyed male (X r Y) Red-eyed female (X R X R ) Offspring: All red eyed

Cross red eye male ( X R Y) with red eye female ( X R X r ) X R Y XRXR XrXr XRXRXRXR XRYXRY XRXrXRXr XrYXrY Phenotypic ratio--Female: 100% red-eye Male: 50% red-eye 50% white-eye

White- eyed male (X R Y) Red-eyed female (X R X r )

Simple Mendelian Inheritance-- Inheritance controlled by either dominant or recessive alleles Not all traits are either dominant or recessive, some are in between

Incomplete dominance—the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is an intermediate (blend) of the 2 homozygous individuals (neither allele is dominant)

RR= red flower WW= white flower RW(heterozygous) = pink flower R R W W RW Cross red with white--The offspring are all pink because that color is in between 2 homozygous phenotypes

Red (RR) White (WW) Offspring: All pink flowers W W RW

Co-dominance--The phenotype of both homozygous individuals to be present in the heterozygous individual

BB = black chicken WW= white chicken BW (heterozygous) = black and white chicken B B W W BW Cross black with white chicken--The offspring are all black and white because that is a combination of both homozygous phenotypes

Blood type An example of co-dominance in humans Example of multiple alleles, there are more than 2 alleles for this trait It is determined by the presence or absence of proteins (chains of amino acids) on the surface of blood cell Mixing incompatible blood types can cause the cells to clump together, which can cause a person to die

Human Blood Types PhenotypeGenotypeBlood cell surface molecules Type AI A I A or I A iA molecule Type BI B I B or I B iB molecule Type ABIAIBIAIB A and B molecules Type OiiNo molecules

Alleles I A and I B –are co-dominant to each other Allele i –is recessive to both I A and I B Type O blood—universal donor Has no proteins on the blood cells so any blood type can receive it Type AB blood—universal acceptor Has both A and B proteins on blood cells so this blood type can receive type A, B, AB, or O blood

Cross parent with A ( I A i) blood with a parent with B blood (I B i) I A i IBIB i IAIBIAIB IBiIBi IAiIAiii Genotypic ratio 1 I A I B : 1 I A i : 1 I B i : 1 ii Phenotypic ratio (blood type) — 1 type AB : 1 type A : 1 type B : 1 type O

Multiple alleles— traits controlled by more than 2 alleles Ex. Mouse hair color is controlled by different alleles, black, brown, gray, albino, etc…

Polygenic inheritance--Trait that is controlled by 2 or more different genes Ex. Blood pressure is controlled by genes for weight, cholesterol, kidney function, etc…