Red is allele for Fur Represented by R Dominant Trait White is Allele for No fur Represented by r Recessive trait Breeding Bunnies! Directions: 1.Work in pairs 2.Place beans (representing gene pool) on plate 3.One partner will randomly select 2 beans 4.The other partner will record what beans are selected, thus what rabbits would be born 5.Place tally in correct box until all beans are selected 6.Calculate number of alleles 7.Stop after the first breeding season

Winter hits our population of rabbits!!! All rabbits that are born without fur do not survive the winter : ( They do not pass on their genes to the next generation of rabbits Place these genes in the “dead” pile BEGIN NEXT BREEDING SEASON WITH REMAINING GENES!

Of all the wolves that might s u r v i v e, a n o n r a n d o m s a m p l e - - t h e f l e e t e s t o f f o o t, t h e c a n n i e s t o f w i t, t h e s h a r p e s t o f s e n s e a n d t o o t h - - a r e t h e o n e s t h a t d o s u r v i v e a n d p a s s o n t h e i r g e n e s ( 8 6 )

Early ideas about evolution Europe in the 1700’s Species were permanent and unchanging Earth was only thousands of years old Scientists began to present evidence that that species have changed over time and earth is much older then previously thought. Aristotle believed species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity Idea Lasted 2000 years

Early ideas about evolution Others thought that the unusual organisms then known only as fossils must still survive in unexplored parts of the world Thomas Jefferson - Speculated that mammoths might yet be found living in the American wilderness. Some scientists interpreted fossils as remains of living species Fossil mammoths found in Italy were interpreted as the remains of the elephants brought by Hannibal when he invaded Rome.

Georges Cuvier ( ) “Why has not anyone seen that fossils alone gave birth to a theory about the formation of the earth, that without them, no one would have ever dreamed that there were successive epochs in the formation of the globe."

Ideas about Geology By the 1800’s Scientists began to study strata Strata are formed as layers of rock are deposited over time In general, lower layers form first and are the oldest Different rock layers have different kinds of fossils

Georges Cuvier ( ) Spent years reconstructing the appearance of unique organisms from fossil bones Gave convincing evidence that organisms that lived in the past differed greatly then living species Cuvier's most crucial and longest-lasting contribution to biology was establishing extinction as a fact.

Georges Cuvier ( ) "We have monuments taken from the bosom of the Earth, especially from the bottom of coal and slate mines, that demonstrate to us that some of the fish and plants that these materials contain do not belong to species currently existing." Cuvier found many “sudden” changes in the kinds of organisms found in one layer of strata to the next Catastrophism – sudden geologic events caused extinction of large groups of organisms at points in the past Contributed to the scientific acceptance that geologic change and extinction occurred

Charles Lyell ( ) Lyell rebelled against the prevailing theories of geology of the time He thought the theories were biased and based on the interpretation of the book of Genesis.

Charles Lyell ( ) Lyell thought it would be more practical to exclude sudden geological catastrophes to vouch for fossil remains of extinct species Therefore it was necessary to create a vast time scale for Earth's history. Proposed that Earth was millions of years old instead of a several thousands

This concept was called uniformitarianism Change is typically slow, steady, and gradual. This is in contrast to catastrophism

Jean Baptiste Lamarck ( ) Organisms are not passively altered by their environment A change in the environment causes changes in the needs of organisms living in that environment All such changes were heritable Result of these laws was the continuous, gradual change of all organisms, as they became adapted to their environments Tendency Toward Perfection- Organisms Are Continually Changing and Acquiring Features That Help Them Live More Successfully In Their Environment

Change in the environment Change of needs of organism Change in behavior of organism Less use of structure or organ Greater use of structure or organ Increase in size over several generations Decrease in size over several generations, may even disappear      

Lamarck’s theory of evolution Inheritance Of Acquired Traits Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!

Inheritance of acquired traits Rejected by many scientists of the time Not supported by modern scientific study of the mechanisms of inheritance Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life