Medical Uses of Radioactive Substances. Nuclear Medicine ► We use radioactive substances in two different ways for medical purposes. ► Imaging- taking.

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Presentation transcript:

Medical Uses of Radioactive Substances

Nuclear Medicine ► We use radioactive substances in two different ways for medical purposes. ► Imaging- taking “pictures” of your internal anatomy. ► Therapy- to kill unwanted cells.

Imaging ► Your eyes can see a very small range of the electromagnetic spectrum (visible light). ► However, this energy still has an effect on objects. ► Certain materials will absorb the radiation and change colors. ► This occurs through an endothermic reaction “burning” the material. ► These materials are your radiation “film”

X Rays ► Wilhem R Ö ntgen described the properties of X-rays in ► He called them “X” because they were an unknown. ► Different materials of different densities absorb X-rays differently. ► When X-rays hit a film they darken it. ► Dense materials like bone absorb the X-rays so they stay lighter.

CT Scan ► X Rays only give you a 2 D image with all objects superimposed on top of each other. ► A CT (computed tomography) scan has the detector and source move so we can get a computer generated 3-D image of the object.

MRI ► Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). ► When using the same principle on anything but people, it is normally called NMR. ► The term NMR was first, but since the word nuclear was in it, patients didn’t want it. ► This works the same way as a CT scan but uses nonionizing radiation.

Radiopharmaceuticals ► Instead of keeping the source outside of the body and sending the radiation through a patient, sometimes radioactive substances are administered internally. ► The patient is then checked radiation. ► This can be used to make an image.

Tracers ► Sometimes a radioisotope is bonded to a protein to some substance the body processes. ► After the isotope inside, it allows doctors to see where it is accumulating in the body. ► Radioisotopes chemically bonded is called a tracer.

Therapy ► Radiation treatment is often used to treat cancer. ► Chemotherapy works on the same principle, but uses chemicals instead of radioactive substances. ► Cancer cells are rapidly dividing cells. ► These cells should be weaker than other cells since they are dividing so rapidly.

Radiation ► Radiation is administered to the affected area. ► Radiation breaks apart and kills all cells. ► Cancer cells should die more easily than healthy cells. ► The idea is to continue the treatment until all the cancer cells are dead, then try to nurse the patient back to health.

Common isotopes used in nuclear medicine isotopesymbolZT 1/2 decayβ Imaging: fluorinefluorine F9110 mβ+β (97%) galliumgallium Ga dec kryptonkrypton-81m 81m Kr sIT- rubidiumrubidium Rb mβ+β (95%) technetium-99m 99m Tc hIT- indiumindium In dec- iodineiodine I hec- xenonxenon Xe dβ-β (99%) thalliumthallium Tl dec- Therapy: yttriumyttrium Y dβ-β (100%) iodine I dβ-β (100%) Z = atomic number, the number of protons; T 1/2 = half-life; decay = mode of decay photons = principle photon energies in kilo-electron volts, keV, (abundance/decay) β = beta maximum energy in mega-electron volts, MeV, (abundance/decay) β + = β + decay; β - = β - decay; IT = isomeric transition; ec = electron capture * X-rays from progeny, mercury, HgkeVMeVβ + decayβ - decayisomeric transitionelectron capturemercury