LIST THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Warm Up

Cell Structure and Function Notes Discovery of the Cell: Mid 1600’s scientists began using microscopes to observe living things Robert Hooke used microscope to observe thin slice of cork—dead plant material Cork seemed to be made of box-like chambers—Hooke called cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered living cells in pond water

Cell Theory: All living things composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells

Cell and its Environment: Organisms made of one cell— unicellular organisms Ex: bacteria Organisms made of many cells— multicellular organisms Ex: plants, animals

Each cell must be in “balance” with its environment, exchange food, waste, H 2 O, CO 2, O 2 etc. Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment—homeostasis

Cell: Organisms that do not have a distinct nucleus— prokaryotic (PRO = NO) Ex: bacteria Organisms with cells that have true nucleus and organelles—eukaryotic (EU = TRUE) Ex: plants, animals, fungi

Cell Parts and Their Functions: Specialized cell parts called organelles— “little organs”

Cell membrane—determines what goes in and out of the cell aka “gate keeper”

Cytoplasm—gel-like medium that holds the organelles in position

1. Nucleus—control center of the cell Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus— nuclear membrane Hereditary information inside the nucleus— chromatin (DNA)

4. Ribosomes—makes proteins

RIBOSOMES endoplasmic reticulum cytosol _protein production_Tiny, granular organelles located on _endoplasmic reticulum_____ or suspended in _cytosol_______. Site of _protein production_____. All cells (pro & euk) have ribosomes.

5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER)— makes and transports proteins within the cell Called rough ER because of the ribosomes found on its surface

Rough ER nuclear envelope ribosomes modify & transport vesicles______ Golgi apparatus________ Extensive network continuous with _ nuclear envelope _____. Called “rough” because it has _ ribosomes ___ all along the membrane. Function of the rough ER is to _ modify & transport proteins_____. Most of these proteins are packaged into _ vesicles______ (like bubbles or sacs) and shuttled to the __ Golgi apparatus________

6.Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER)— manufactures and transport lipids and other materials within the cell. Breaks down glycogen, detoxifies poisons, and stores calcium. Called smooth ER because it lacks ribosomes found on its surface

7. Golgi apparatus—processes and packages proteins and other substances produced in the ER

Golgi apparatus Flattened, round sacs that look like a sack of _ pancakes _____. Receives, modifies, and ships products by way of _ vesicles ____ into the _ cytosol → cell membrane _______

Found in animal cells only: 8. Lysosomes—cleans up the cell and digests unwanted materials

lysosomes animal enzymesbreak down recycle _____ bacteria virusesFound in _ animal __ cells only. Round sacs containing _ enzymes ___ that _ break down ___ and _ recycle _____ used cell components. Also used as defense against _ bacteria _____ and _ viruses __

9.Vacuoles—sac-like structures may be used as storage for _ water ___, _ molecules __, _ or wastes. Plant cells usually contain a large vacuole that fills most of the cell—pressure from this large vacuole helps plants support themselves

10. Mitochondria—energy source of the cell (powerhouse – “Mighty mitochondria”) Double-walled organelle with inner folds _to increase surface area____. Uses _glucose_____ to manufacture energy in the form of _ATP____. Mitochondria have their own _DNA____.

Found in plant cells only: 11. Cell wall—provides support and protection for cell Composed mainly of cellulose (plant starch)— fiber for our diet 12. Chloroplast—makes glucose using the energy from the sun (photosynthesis)

CHLOROPLAST

13. Centrioles Found in _ animal ____ cells only. Bundles of _ microtubules _______ that play a role in _ cell division _____

14Cytoskeleton—network of protein filaments that helps cell maintain its shape

Cytoskeleton Composed of protein fibers known as _microtubules____ and _microfilaments_______. Anchor _organelles_____ and provide _structure_____. Also provide motility for some cells in the form of _cilia___ or _flagella____. More extensive cytoskeleton found in _animal___ cells.

Specialized Parts for movement: 1. Cilia (like little hairs)2. Flagella (like a tail)

Specialized Cells: Different cells in your body do different jobs. The structure (how it’s built) of cells matches the function (what it does).

Plant Examples: 1.Leaf cell—contains many chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis 2.Root cell (potato)— contains many vacuoles to maximize water and starch storage

chloroplas t Animal Examples: 1.Epithelial cells—have villi to increase nutrient absorption; found in the intestines

2.Muscle cells—contain many mitochondria to produce more energy for movement

3.Nerve cells—have fibers called dendrites that allow nerve cells to communicate with each other

A deeper look into cells… Inside of Cell Cell Parts Description and Animation

Plant cells vs. Animal Cells Plant cellAnimal cell Both