EUGEO Congress – september 2013 Europe seen by Turkish students: a mental definition from a non-eurocentric point of view Etienne Toureille, Université Paris Diderot,UMR 8506 Géographie Cités Map coming from a Turkish textbook from 1989(Copeaux, 2000)

Outline 1- Introduction: the necessity of a non-Eurocentric perspective in the case of Turkey 2- The dominant representations of Europe by Turkish students (aggregative analysis) 3- The role of gender and education (cross-analysis)

Introduction 1 – Why Turkey ?  The context of European studies To give interest to extra-european vision of Europe (Lucarelli and Fioramonti, 2009)  A new role in the World and opportunities for Turkey An emerging power in the multipolar Word.  Relativizing the European destiny of Turkey: A multi-orientec politic and national iconography  A non-Eurocentric perspective (Europe in the World) Why is Turkey a relevant object for the study of a worldwide geography of representations ? Why decentring the point of view about Europe? Growth of the Turkish GDP since 2007 (Word Bank)

Introduction 2 – main issues  Consequences of the 2005’s debates on the Turkish public opinion.  Is Turkey turning back to Europe ?  Is Europe still positively viewed ? Or are Turkish people now regarding to new horizons ?

Introduction 3 – about the survey EuroBroadMap EuroBroadMap Cities Erzurum238 Istanbul251 Izmir245 Gender Females363 Males369 Fields of Study Art116 Business120 Engineering132 Health120 Political Sc.119 Social Sc.127 TOTAL734  An international survey (9 341 students from 18 countries)  Conducted during spring 2008  With undergraduate students (average age 21) For more informations about the survey see: Number of students

Introduction – the question Extract from the questionnaire  Residential preferences  Judgement about places (countries)  Europe relatively to the rest of the World (not disconnected)

2- The dominant representations of Europe by Turkish students  Principe and method: analysing the dominant vision in the Turkish sample through 2 indexes : A “knowledge index” ( in order to observe the importance of each country in the whole quotations ) Knowledge(i) = An “asymmetry” index ( in order to observe for each country the ratio between positive and negative quotations where student would like to live or not) Asymmetry (i)= p i = number of positive answers for the country i, n i = number of negative answers for the contry i, S = total number of students who answered the question. p i - n i  p i + n i p i + n i  S

« Where would you like to live in the near future? » « Where would you NOT like to live in the near future? »

More attractive but less known (than for other students) More attractive and better known More repulsive and better known More repulsive but less known

Some elements about the answers to the question: Using a tool of the statistical textual analysis: « Where would you like to live in the near future? » 3- The role of gender and education Specific vocabulary : words which are significantly used by an identifiable group in the population.

Girls attracted by West and boys by East Word or charecteristic segmentInternal %Global %Internal frequencyGlobal frequencyValeur-TestP value FRA12,19, ,1460,000 ITA FRA2,21,229324,9100,000 ITA14,911, ,9050,000 GRC2,21,629432,4560,007 ITA GBR2,01,426382,3750,009 USA FRA1,81,223332,3420,010 EGY2,62,034542,1170,017 USA ITA1,20,815211,9510,026 ITA EGY0,50,3781,9290,027 ITA GRC0,80,510131,8360,033 FRA GBR1,41,018271,7630,039 FRA USA0,60,48101,7350,041 USA FRA ITA0,50,3671,6480,050 Girls specific vocabulary Word or characteristicInternal %Global %Internal FrequencyGlobal frequencyValeur-TestP value RUS4,42,862775,1140,000 UKR1,20,717183,6360,000 AZE1,51,021282,2800,011 JPN4,74, ,1160,017 KAZ0,70,410121,9230,027 LUX0,40,2551,7680,039 BRA1,71,324361,5930,056 Boys specific vocabulary WHERE WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIVE IN THE NEAR FUTURE? * Selection of the significant results

About cities of survey and fields of study* * Selection of significant results WHERE WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIVE IN THE NEAR FUTURE? Students from Erzurum prefer: Azerbaïjan, Saudi Arabia, Japan, China Students from Istanbul prefer: Italia, Spain, Austria, Czech Republic Students from Izmir prefer: Russia, Mexico, Spain, Swizerland The role of the city of surveyThe role of the field of study Students in arts prefer: USA, France, Netherlands Students in business prefer: Swizerland, Sweden Students in ingineering prefer: Italy, Ukraine, Russia Students in the health sector prefer: USA, India, Egypt Students in political sciences prefer: Cuba Students in social sciences prefer: New Zealand, Australia, South Korea, United Emirates, Brazil

Concluding remarks  Europe remains a relevant area in the representations of Turkish students (knowledge)…  …But mainly through a little group of very positive viewed countries (Italy, France, Great Britain and Spain).  Observations about dominants representations autorise some explanation related to collective representations (History of the country, influence of the media…)  The analysis of the specific vocabulary shows the influence of individual factors.  Threfore, Europe is a complex object, analysed throught the residential preferencies.  A new survey conducted in spring 2012 will give some elements about the inertia of the Turkish students representations. This new survey will also give more informations about the relative importance of collective or individual factors.

Thank you for your attention ! Referencies (selective) Copeaux, E., 2000, Une Vision turque du monde: à travers les cartes de 1931 à nos jours (A Turkish Vision of the World: through maps since 1931), Paris, CNRS Éditions, 240 p. Didelon, C., de Ruffray, S, and, Grasland, (dir.), 2011, Mental Maps of Students, (deliverable of the Eurobroadmap Survey for the FP7 Framework of the European Commission), aviable on p. Beauguitte L., and, Grasland, C., 2012, « Modeling Attractiveness of Global Places, A Worldwide survey on undergraduate students », ERSA conference paper, 28 p. Lucarelli, S., and Fioramonti, L., (dir.), 2009, The External Image of the European Union, phase two, aviable on Soon submitted publication (with more about textual analysis ) : Guérin-Pace, F., Toureille, E., and, Grasland, C., « A cross-analysis of mental maps of Turkish undergraduate students », European Journal of Social Sciences (Revue Européenne de Sciences sociales).