Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport MOVEMENT IN A CELL
Objectives Describe how the transport of materials into and out of a cell helps maintain homeostasis ◦Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport
Water pDo&feature=player_embedded
animation esofwater/water.htmlhttp:// esofwater/water.html
Water is a solvent It dissolves salts like Sodium chloride, gases like Carbon dioxide, and elements like Oxygen, Calcium, Potassium to transport through our blood stream to and from cells.
Diffusion Movement of any particles from where there are a lot to where there are few.
Osmosis The movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water. ◦From where there’s a lot of water to an area of little water. ◦No energy required for water to move
Osmosis
Salty solutions Hypertonic- where more salt is dissolved compared with water Isotonic- where equal parts of salt and water are dissolved Hypotonic- where less salt is dissolved compared with water
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Pickles are made with Hypertonic salt solution
Blood and salt solutions
Blood cells in salt solutions
What is the effect on eyes in different salt solutions? Fresh water Isotonic water Salty water
Plant that keeps salt out Panicum turgidum Cows eat it. Comes from Sahara, Pakistan.
Kidney filter & osmosis
Water moves out at bottom There is higher amount of water in tube, so water flows out of tube. Upper part is impermeable to water.
Dialysis of blood
Facilitated Diffusion- no energy required
Active Transport Moving particles from a low concentration to a high concentration. ◦Moving Calcium from outside a cell to an area inside the cell where there are many calcium atoms requires energy from ATP to force them in.
Protein channel pump
Endocytosis Taking in material into a cell (cell eating)
Exocytosis Transporting material out of the cell. (cell eliminating waste)
Nerve impulses
Sight, Touch, Smell Trigger electrical nerve impulses
Nerve impulses
Vision
Smel l
Pain receptor
Muscle contraction
Muscle contract & relax Contraction: Calcium released by Endoplasmic reticulum connects actin to myosin. Relaxation: ATP releases the Actin from the Myosin. Cramps come about from lack of ATP (our energy source). =WVuW560nRIIhttp:// =WVuW560nRII
Brain transmissions There are over 60 neurotransmitter chemicals in our brain. Happy gas, Nitrogen monoxide (NO), exits the membrane by diffusion and penetrates the neighboring receiving neuron by diffusion. _01_m_ana/a_01_m_ana.html &list=PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6http:// &list=PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6
Glutamate (also known as Monosodium glutamate) Brain’s neurotransmitter, memory, learning, regulating cells Works on brain cells GABA- (gamma aminobutyric acid) inhibits transmissions
ALS If glutamate stays on the neuron too long then the nerve misfires; evidenced in Lou Gherig’s disease (ALS), can have epilepsy or stroke. Calcium floods the cell. Calcium normally causes a firing of the cell, but too much Calcium causes the cell to produce an enzyme that destroys the cell. =PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6 =PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6 See page 189 of textbook
What Caffeine does to a brain EB9E6http:// EB9E6
Lack of Oxygen in the brain Too little oxygen causes a release of glutamate, which causes a release of an enzyme that destroys the Calcium protein pump. Too much Calcium produces other enzymes that cause cell death.
Alzheimers Brains NIH video Protein fibrils are built up between neurons which stop the transmission of brain signals.