Metabolic Syndrome By Rebecka Reiter

What is metabolic syndrome? A Cluster of ailments that occur in unison A Cluster of ailments that occur in unison Due to poor eating habits and a lack of physical activity. Due to poor eating habits and a lack of physical activity. Can be hereditary Can be hereditary

History Early 1900s-insulin was discovered. Early 1900s-insulin was discovered. Noted relation of hypertension and diabetes Noted relation of hypertension and diabetes More doctors noted clusters of ailments calling it syndrome X More doctors noted clusters of ailments calling it syndrome X Hypercholesterolemia, waist circumference, hypertension and insulin resistance. Hypercholesterolemia, waist circumference, hypertension and insulin resistance “Metabolic Syndrome” coined 1981 “Metabolic Syndrome” coined Hanefeld and Leonhardt Hanefeld and Leonhardt Definition problems Definition problems The WHO (World Health Organization) attempted to define it, but wasn’t accepted universally. The WHO (World Health Organization) attempted to define it, but wasn’t accepted universally. IDF final definition IDF final definition

Diagnosis Large waist circumference Large waist circumference Men: greater than or equal to 40 inches Men: greater than or equal to 40 inches Women: greater than or equal to 35 inches Women: greater than or equal to 35 inches Hypertension Hypertension Increased triglycerides Increased triglycerides Greater than or equal to 150mg/dL Greater than or equal to 150mg/dL Reduced HDL (high- density lipoprotein) Men: less than 40mg/dL Women: less than 50mg/dL Elevated fasting glucose Greater than or equal to 100mg/dL Defined as having three of the following:

Prevalence 32.2% of adult males and 35.5% of adult females living in the United States are obese 32.2% of adult males and 35.5% of adult females living in the United States are obese 8.3% of the US population has some form of diabetes. 8.3% of the US population has some form of diabetes. The American Diabetes Association fears approximately 7 million people may be undiagnosed. The American Diabetes Association fears approximately 7 million people may be undiagnosed.

Prevalence 50 million Americans Almost one in four American adults have metabolic syndrome. Approximately seven percent of adults in their 20s and about 40 percent of adults over 40 meet the criteria for the syndrome.

Pathophysiology Due to obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and elevated blood lipids. Due to obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and elevated blood lipids. How do people obtain metabolic syndrome? How do people obtain metabolic syndrome?

Treatment Increased exerciseIncreased exercise Heart healthy dietHeart healthy diet Lifestyle changeLifestyle change

Diet Therapy DASH Diet Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - limits unhealthy fats along with reducing sodium and urges the patient to consume whole grains, fish and plenty of fruits and vegetables

Sample Menu 2000 kcal/day Breakfast (4 servings of carbohydrates) ½ cup old-fashioned oat meal (1) 1 cup of skim milk (1) ½ cup cut-up strawberries (1) 1 slice of wheat toast with margarine (1) Lunch (4 servings of carbohydrates) 2 slices low-sodium turkey cold cuts (for sandwich) 2 leaves of lettuce and 2 slices of tomato 2 slices of whole-wheat bread (2) Small orange (1) 1 cup of skim milk (1) Vegetable sticks, such as celery Dinner (4 servings of carbohydrates) 3 oz grilled chicken breast 2/3 cup mashed potatoes (2) ½ cup steamed broccoli 1 small whole-wheat dinner roll (1) 1 tsp margarine ½ cup cut-up fruit (1) 1 cup spinach salad with lemon Snack (4 servings of carbohydrates) 1 cup low-fat yogurt (1) 2 tablespoons unsalted nuts 1 apple (1) 3 graham cracker squares (1) 3 cups light popcorn (no salt, no butter) (1)

Medications diuretics or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to relieve hypertension diuretics or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to relieve hypertension Statins, fibrates or nicotinic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. Statins, fibrates or nicotinic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. Niacin, gemfibrozil or fenofibrate are used to increase HDL levels while decreasing triglycerides. Niacin, gemfibrozil or fenofibrate are used to increase HDL levels while decreasing triglycerides. Metformin or glucophage is generally used to treat type-2 diabetes. Metformin or glucophage is generally used to treat type-2 diabetes.

Prevention??? DietExercise Maintaining a healthy weight Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables

Conclusion Metabolic syndrome is hereditary in some cases but the majority of cases seen today are due to a sedentary lifestyle paired with poor eating habits. It is a cluster of ailments that reduces the quality of life for those who have it. Prevention is feasible. Through diet and exercise we can all protect ourselves against Metabolic Syndrome.