THE CIVIL WAR

What is in a Name??? OTHER NAMES FOR THE CIVIL WAR: War between the States War against Northern Aggression 2 nd American Revolution The Lost Cause War of Rebellion The Brothers War Blue vs. Gray North vs. South

STRATEGIES For the South: (Gray, Rebels, Confederates) 1. Fight a defensive war 2. Take Washington D.C. (If possible) For the North: (Blue, Yankees, Union) 1. Block-aid around the South 2. Split Confederacy in half 3. Control the Mississippi River 4. Seize control of the railroads 5. Take Richmond

Jefferson Davis Was the president for the South. The South’s Capital was Richmond, Virginia

Main Causes State’s Rights Slavery Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 Preserving the Union Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Slave vs. Free States Picture Credit:

- population - 22 million - 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions - efficient railroad system - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade s. ports and shut down the s. eco. - but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...) - capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

Confederates had excellent generals too - Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Confederates had excellent generals too - Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages) Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages) Farmers fight better than factory workers Farmers fight better than factory workers Profitable eco. based on cotton exports Profitable eco. based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import ind. goods; very had to import ind. goods; very little munitions production

Robert E. Lee He named his horse Traveller. He said, “I don’t see how we could have an army without music.” Lee owned a pet hen. The hen went with him everywhere. At Gettysburg, he had his Generals help him find his lost hen. Picture Credit: civil%20war%20gallery.htm

Stonewall Jackson He led a valley campaign for 3 months in He liked to suck on lemons all the time. He said, “If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost.” His military reputation is perhaps greater than any other Civil War General because he won with a smaller army the majority of the time. Picture Credit: portraits/

The S. was looking for an add. adv., namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events and did not want to become involved: The S. was looking for an add. adv., namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events and did not want to become involved: GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was escalating; they had also found other sources (Madras, India) GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was escalating; they had also found other sources (Madras, India) most Br. workers who lost their jobs in cotton factories had been able to find work in the new munitions factories that were mostly supplying the N. most Br. workers who lost their jobs in cotton factories had been able to find work in the new munitions factories that were mostly supplying the N. most Br. citizens resented slavery most Br. citizens resented slavery Br. crop failures had led to increased grain trade w/ the N. Br. crop failures had led to increased grain trade w/ the N.

Front Sumter, South Carolina Since South Carolina had seceded from the United States, it didn’t want Northern soldiers on its land at Fort Sumter Southern General Bueargard tried to get the northern general Anderson to peacefully surrender Fort Sumter. Picture Credit: members.aol.com/larrykench/ W html

Fort Sumter The first major battle of the Civil War began on April 12, After 2 days, the North surrendered to the South. No one was killed in battle but 1 soldier was killed when a cannon backfired during the surrendering ceremony. Picture Credit:

The 1st Manassas or 1st Bull Run, VA July 21,1861 The general for the confederates was Stonewall Jackson & Buearegard. The general for the Yankees was McDowell. The North had 387 soldiers killed while the South lost 460. The South won the battle. Picture Credit:

Generals at Bull Run General Irwin McDowell vs. General PGT Beauregard

The Battle of the Ironclads March 8-9, 1862 The battle took place in Hampton Roads, VA. The South had built an iron ship called the Merrimac or the Virginia. The North challenged the Confederate ship with the northern iron ship called the Monitor. Picture Credit:

The Ironclads The two iron ships fought for 5 hours and even collided 5 times. Neither side won except the North kept the South from getting supplies from the rest of the world. Picture Credit:

2nd Manassas or 2nd Bull Run, VA August 29-30, 1862 The general for the Confederate was Stonewall Jackson. The general for the Yankees was John Pope. The North lost 16,000 soldiers while the South lost only 9,000 The South won the battle. Picture Credit: SecondManassas.html

Antietam, Maryland September 17, 1862 The general for the Confederates was Robert E. Lee. The general for the Yankees was McClellan. A Union soldier found 3 cigars that helped the North to know what General Lee planned to do. Picture Credit: memory.loc.gov/.../newsletter/ august01/feature.html

Antietam The Battle took place in Farmer Miller’s cornfield. The battle is known as the Single bloodiest day in the Civil War. 23,500 men were killed in the Bloody lane. The name of the bridge where the confederates held the Yankees for 4 hours is called, Burnside. The south used rocks when they ran out of ammunition. South won the battle. Picture Credit:

Battle of Antietam September 1862

Battle Of Fredericksburg Dec , 1862 The general for the Confederates was Robert E. Lee The general for the Yankees was Burnside. The North had 122,000 soldiers while the South had 78,500 Picture Credit: frederick.html

Battle Of Fredericksburg 9,000 Union soldiers were killed while only 1,500 Southern soldiers were killed. The South won the battle. Lee said, “It is well that was is so horrible, else we should grow too fond of it.’ Picture Credit: frederick.html

Jan 1 st 1863 Jan 1 st 1863 It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states. It did not free slaves in border states.

After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live combat Eventually, Blacks saw live combat 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney

Chancellorsville May 1-14, 1863 The general for the Confederates was Robert E. Lee The general for the Yankees was Joseph Hooker. South had 45,000 soldiers and North had 70,000 soldiers. Picture Credit: ShirtDetail.asp?prod=

Chancellorsville Major battle on May 2 at 6 in the evening. With the smoke thick in the air some Yankees killed Yankees and Confederates killed Confederates. Stonewall Jackson was shot 3 times by his own men in the confusion. His last words were “Let us cross over the river and rest under the shades of the trees.” South won the battle.

Battle of Chancellorsville May 1, 1863 Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson “Old Blue Light James Ewell Brown 'Jeb' Stuart

The Battle of Gettysburg, PA The battle of Gettysburg, PA took place on July1-3, Major fighting occurred around Little Round top hill. The North won this battle. On November 19,1863. President Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address. Picture Credit:

Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory July 1-3, BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abe Lincoln Abe Lincoln

July 4, another Union victory - VICKSBURG July 4, another Union victory - VICKSBURG won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River Grant was then given control of all Union armies  began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South Grant was then given control of all Union armies  began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South General Sheridan decimated Va.'s Shenandoah Valley General Sheridan decimated Va.'s Shenandoah Valley General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah

Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, court house, Virginia. Picture Credit:

April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS w/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North: w/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North: 1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery 1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs. 2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry 3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry

4) Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks" 4) Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks" 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and intro'd income tax 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and intro'd income tax 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted 7) 1864 Election - only in Union 7) 1864 Election - only in Union - pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan  Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified country creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery abolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation U.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism a stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to settlement w. lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained... South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...