Chapter 10 A New Civilization Emerges in A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

Introduction Middle Ages (medieval) Middle Ages (medieval) Spread of civilization to rest of Europe Spread of civilization to rest of Europe Spread of new religious beliefs Spread of new religious beliefs Participation in international community Participation in international community

“inferiority and vitality” Two perspectives: Two perspectives: Compare with other borrowing civilizations Compare with other borrowing civilizations Distinctive features that continue on Distinctive features that continue on West was “backward” West was “backward” Anxiety toward Muslims Anxiety toward Muslims Crusades Crusades Explorations to seek Muslim-free trade routes Explorations to seek Muslim-free trade routes Europeans learned from Muslims but didn’t like it!! Europeans learned from Muslims but didn’t like it!! Long-lasting themes Long-lasting themes Politics, social structures, religions, intellectual life Politics, social structures, religions, intellectual life Universities, Gothic architecture, limited government, etc. Universities, Gothic architecture, limited government, etc.

Stages of development 6 th -10 th centuries – chaos (Dark Ages?) 6 th -10 th centuries – chaos (Dark Ages?) Politically fragmented Politically fragmented Frequent invasions Frequent invasions Weak rulers Weak rulers Subsistence agriculture Subsistence agriculture Importance of church Importance of church 10 th – 15 th century 10 th – 15 th century Improvements in trade and agriculture Improvements in trade and agriculture Stronger political forms (monarchy) Stronger political forms (monarchy) Expansionism Expansionism

Manorialism System of economic and political relations between landlords/peasant laborers System of economic and political relations between landlords/peasant laborers Hierarchy of reciprocal obligations Hierarchy of reciprocal obligations Moldboard and three-field system Moldboard and three-field system Serfs were not slaves!! Serfs were not slaves!!

Role of the church Catholic church only example of solid organization at that time Catholic church only example of solid organization at that time Structured like gov’t of old Roman Empire Structured like gov’t of old Roman Empire Pope was at top of structure Pope was at top of structure Missionary activity Missionary activity Clovis converts to gain more power Clovis converts to gain more power Pope thought they had separate (superior) power to the state Pope thought they had separate (superior) power to the state Monasteries: Benedict of Nursia, option of holy life, contributed to agriculture, education, literacy, etc Monasteries: Benedict of Nursia, option of holy life, contributed to agriculture, education, literacy, etc

Charlemagne Franks: Carolingians Franks: Carolingians Defeat Muslims, confine them to Spain Defeat Muslims, confine them to Spain Build substantial empire Build substantial empire Charlemagne crowned by pope (idea that approval of church was necessary) Charlemagne crowned by pope (idea that approval of church was necessary) Charlemagne dies, empire split among sons Charlemagne dies, empire split among sons Later “Holy Roman Empire” Later “Holy Roman Empire” Gradual growth of regional monarchies Gradual growth of regional monarchies Strong cultural unity but no single language or gov’t Strong cultural unity but no single language or gov’t

New economic and urban vigor New agricultural techniques New agricultural techniques Moldboard, horse collar, three-field system, stirrups Moldboard, horse collar, three-field system, stirrups Greater political stability (fewer raids) Greater political stability (fewer raids) Population growth Population growth New markets New markets Growth of towns Growth of towns Literacy/education grow Literacy/education grow Art/architecture Art/architecture

Government Feudalism Feudalism Lords, vassals, fiefs Lords, vassals, fiefs Limited strong central states/reduced local problems Limited strong central states/reduced local problems France-Capetian France-Capetian England England William the Conqueror (1066)- more centralized William the Conqueror (1066)- more centralized Bureaucracy develops Bureaucracy develops Germany, Italy, Low countries-regional states Germany, Italy, Low countries-regional states

Limits on gov’t Power of the church Power of the church Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) Creation of parliaments Creation of parliaments Three estates: clergy, nobles, urban leaders Three estates: clergy, nobles, urban leaders Beginnings of distinct political tradition with checks on central power Beginnings of distinct political tradition with checks on central power

Expansionism East central Europe – Germanic knights East central Europe – Germanic knights Spain – “reconquest” by Christians Spain – “reconquest” by Christians Vikings to North America Vikings to North America Crusades Crusades Pope Urban II (1095) Pope Urban II (1095) Fourth – attack on Constantinople Fourth – attack on Constantinople Aggressive spirit Aggressive spirit Exposure to new cultural influences Exposure to new cultural influences

Religion Reform movements: against wealthy secularism Reform movements: against wealthy secularism Franciscans Franciscans Monasticism Monasticism Opportunity for women Opportunity for women Popes (Gregory VII) – investiture controversy Popes (Gregory VII) – investiture controversy Leads to separation of church and state Leads to separation of church and state High Middle Ages: 12 th /13 th centuries High Middle Ages: 12 th /13 th centuries Creative tensions Creative tensions Feudalism vs. central monarchies Feudalism vs. central monarchies Church vs. state and intellectual life Church vs. state and intellectual life Rural vs. urban life Rural vs. urban life

Culture Fuller understanding of past thought (Aristotle) Fuller understanding of past thought (Aristotle) Peter Abelard Peter Abelard St. Bernard of Clairvaux St. Bernard of Clairvaux Rational philosophy + Christian faith Rational philosophy + Christian faith Universities Universities St. Thomas Aquinas – scholasticism St. Thomas Aquinas – scholasticism Scientists set stage for later scientific revolution Scientists set stage for later scientific revolution

Celebration of saints Celebration of saints Festivals, holy days, etc. Festivals, holy days, etc. Religious art Religious art Paintings, stained glass Paintings, stained glass Architecture Architecture Gothic – tall spires, arching windows Gothic – tall spires, arching windows Churches, cathedrals, palaces Churches, cathedrals, palaces Literature – Latin and vernacular Literature – Latin and vernacular Beowulf, Song of Roland, Canterbury Tales Beowulf, Song of Roland, Canterbury Tales

Economic and social forms Much trade between European countries Much trade between European countries Changes in rural life Changes in rural life Tension between landlords/serfs Tension between landlords/serfs Peasant’s lives improved Peasant’s lives improved Growth of trade Growth of trade Banking begins/use of money spreads Banking begins/use of money spreads Commercial alliances Commercial alliances Merchants: Merchants: Ability to acquire great fortunes Ability to acquire great fortunes Not as adventuresome as Muslim merchants Not as adventuresome as Muslim merchants Rising merchant class becoming powerful/independent Rising merchant class becoming powerful/independent

Group protection: guilds Group protection: guilds Manufacturing/commercial methods improve Manufacturing/commercial methods improve Women’s roles Women’s roles New limits New limits Holy orders provide alternative to marriage Holy orders provide alternative to marriage In some areas: higher status than Muslim women In some areas: higher status than Muslim women Patriarchal systems become stronger Patriarchal systems become stronger

Decline ( of post-classical Western world ) Hundred Years’ War Hundred Years’ War Contributes to end of feudalism Contributes to end of feudalism New military methods New military methods Black Death Black Death Social disputes Social disputes Signs of strain: Signs of strain: Changes for aristocracy Changes for aristocracy Chivalry Chivalry Changes in balance between church/state Changes in balance between church/state Breakdown in arts and intellectual synthesis Breakdown in arts and intellectual synthesis More realism in arts More realism in arts