The Basics of Quality Control for Insect Rearing 2015 Norm Leppla University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Department

Norm’s Career in Insect Rearing I. Introduction Norm’s Career in Insect Rearing University of Arizona- Insect rearing research, 2 years USDA, ARS- Insectary management, Florida and Texas, 17 years USDA, APHIS- Methods development, Washington DC and international, 7 years University of Florida- Integrated pest management and biological control, 18 years Rearing and quality of Tamarixia radiata (Chris Kerr) Extension IPM (http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu)

Countries of Workshop Students

Quality Control Topics Introduction- Learning how to rear quality insects Colony Establishment and Maintenance Monitoring Quality Evaluation and Management Guidelines for Quality Systems Total Quality Management

Learning How to Rear High Quality Insects Apprentice in an insectary Network with other professionals Literature plus trial-and-error Visit other insectaries Reviews by experts Education and training programs

MSU Insect Rearing Center Frank Davis John Schneider

Online courses Classroom courses Webinars Mentoring http://insectdiets.com/ 2004

Insectary Manager Network Anyone associated with the mass rearing of insects 65 Members http://www.entsoc.org/

Insect Rearing Professionals Google Group Subscribe: (leonwesterd@gmail.com) Léon Westerd Group moderator Head of insect rearing Wageningen UR, Netherlands

VI. Total Quality Management

Generic Guidelines for Quality Systems Policy, Planning and Administration Design Assurance and Change Control Control of Purchased Materials Production Quality Control User Contact and Field Performance Corrective Action Employees- Select, Train and Motivate

Quality Control Programs Individual Companies Customers International Standards ISO 9000 ASTM The Marketplace Quality Products

Specifications- Requirements for a product or service Standards- The level of quality at which a specification is written

Parts of an Insect Rearing System

A Complete QA System

II. Colony Establishment and Maintenance II. A. Purposes for Rearing Insects II. B. Types of Insect Rearing Systems II. C. Options for Colonizing Insects II. D. Maintaining the Quality of Colonized Insects

II. A. Purposes for Rearing Insects

White witch, Thysania agrippina (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Small-Scale Rearing: Butterflies II. B. Types of Insect Rearing Systems Painted Lady Monarch Small-Scale Rearing: Butterflies

“Insect rearing is never a boring task; insects are always doing something interesting and pose new challenges all the time” Annie Lorie Punky Rogers Medium-Scale Rearing

Mass Rearing- Medfly El Pino, Guatemala Capacity- 3.5 billion sterile male pupae per week Metapa, Mexico

II. C. Options for Colonizing Insects Peter Ebling Insect Producer Database Mgr. Great Lakes Forestry Centre 1219 Queen St. East Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5 peter.ebling@nrcan.gc.ca (705) 541-5517

World-wide listing, 35 insect & 21 nematode orders Data submitted by sources Searchable database Expand clients Adopt-a-colony http://www.insect.glfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca

Field Collecting Cabbage Loopers Trichoplusia ni

Continuous Improvement of Insect Rearing

II. D. Maintaining the Quality of Colonized Insects Collection of appropriate biotypes Colonization and strain development Rearing proficiency Colony management (SOPs) Select, infuse, hybridize Strain replacement Sam 2005

Soybean Looper vs. Cabbage Looper

Tritrophic Rearing System Tamarixia radiata SOPs

Colony Management Maintain- Low productivity, variability, expensive Select- High productivity, uniformity, consistency Infuse- Short term recovery, hybridize? Hybridize- New strain, crosses Replace- New strain, adaptation

III. Monitoring Quality III. A. Quality Control Criteria and Standardized Tests III. B. Sampling for Consistent Quality III. C. Production, Process and Product Control

III. A. Quality Control Criteria and Standardized Tests Quantity- Number of required stage Rate of Development-Synchronization Viability- Emergence, sex ratio Size- Weight or measurements Fecundity- Oviposition and egg hatch Adult Behavior-Flight, longevity Field Performance- Achieve purpose

Standardized QC Tests Joop van Lenteren (2003), IOBC- Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies, 30 species Rose Buitenhuis (2014), Grower guide to quality assurance of biocontrol products, 22 species Custom, develop your own, site-specific

Number of Cabbage Looper Pupae Per Rearing Container Shelf Container 1 2 3 4 5 6 175 157.6 17.4 302.76 190 191 180 142 167 9.4 88.36 176 144 -13.6 184.96 192 189 156 166 8.4 70.56 138 136 -21.6 466.56 174 181 Average 190.6 190.8 179.8 158.6 Sum of Squares 1,113.2 Variance 278.3 Standard Deviation 16.7 0.5 0.8 0.9 5.8 19.4 Shelf 1 is lowest

III. B. Sampling for Consistent Quality Count = Measurement = N Mean = Sum/Number of Counts = X Variance = Sum of (N – X)2 / n-1 = 2 Standard Deviation = Square Root of 2 = SD

Quality Control Charts

Tamarixia radiata Parasitism on 3rd, 4th and 5th Instar Diphorina citri Nymphs Anonymous, UF

Level of T. radiata Parasitism on D. citri

Level of T. radiata Parasitism on D. citri Level of parasitism

T. Radiata Sex Ratio Bar shows 95% CI

T. radiata Hind Tibia Length Minimum, maximum and mean hind tibia length of T. radiata that were developing on different Asian citrus psyllid host nymph instars 1, 2 Host instar Females Males Min Max x̄±SD (n) Third --- ---------- 0.16 0.21 0.20±0.02 (13) c Fourth 0.23 0.27 0.25±0.02 (6) b 0.24±0.02 (55) b Fifth 0.34 0.31±0.02 (75) a 0.33 0.29±0.02 (40) a 1 Comparison of means within a given instar were not significantly different between sexes (Tukey’s HSD, α =0.05). S:R and size effects

III. C. Production, Process and Product Control

Quality Assurance Actions Production and Process Control Frequency of Actions Production and Process Control Routinely Periodically Have up-to-date standard operating procedures   X Use check sheets to monitor rearing processes Record daily production data Track changes in production Review production with staff Improve product quality based on staff feedback Product Control Conduct product quality control assessments Have established minimum thresholds of quality Use standard shipping and handling procedures Customer Service Add customer feedback forms to shipments Add product use instructions to shipments Have an established customer service program Improve product quality based on customer feedback

IV. Evaluation and Management IV. A. Structured Diagnostic Procedures IV. B. Quality Control Versus Methods Improvement IV. C. Periodic Review

IV. A. Structured Diagnostic Procedures

IV. B. Quality Control Versus Methods Improvement Monitor indicator variables Evaluate multiple variables Troubleshoot using QC data Conduct evaluations rapidly Goal is to maintain stable production Methods Improvement Conduct evaluations methodically Test one variable at a time Use controlled experiments Test results in the production system Goal is to optimize production

IV. C. Periodic Review E. F. Knipling W. G. Eden

V. Guidelines for Quality Systems IOBC

International Organization for Biological Control Mission: to facilitate and advance cost-effective rearing of high quality insects and other arthropods in support of biological control and integrated pest management http://www.amrqc.org

Workshops of the IOBC, WGQC (AMRQC, MRQA) 1982 Gainesville, Florida E. F. Boller and D. L. Chambers 1984 Wadenswil, Switzerland E. F. Boller and D. L. Chambers 1986 Guatemala City, Guatemala C. 0. Calkins 1988 Vancouver, Canada C. 0. Calkins 1991 Wageningen, Netherlands F. Bigler and J. C. van Lenteren 1992 Horsholm, Denmark F. Bigler 1993 Rimini, Italy M. Benuzzi and N. C. Leppla 1995 Santa Barbara, California R. F. Luck and N. C. Leppla 1998 Cali, Colombia N. C. Leppla and T. R. Ashley 2003 Montpellier, France P. De Clercq, S. Grenier and NCL 2007 Montreal, Canada S. Grenier and C. S. Glenister 2010 Vienna, Austria P. De Clercq and T. A. Coudron 2013 Bangalore, India P. De Clercq and T. A. Coudron

Insect Pest Control (IPC) http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/public/ipc-model-plan-sterile-insect-technique.html

Insect Rearing Quality Control References Leppla, N. C. 2013. Quality Assurance for Mass-Reared Parasitoids and Predators. In Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms. Elsevier. Morales-Ramos, Rojas, and Shapiro-Ilan Leppla, N. C. 2009. The basics of quality control for insect rearing. In Principles and Procedures for Rearing Quality Insects. Miss. State Univ. Schneider Leppla, N. C. 2004, 2008. Rearing of Insects. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer. Capinera Leppla, N. C. 2003. Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies. In Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents, Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI. Van Lenteren

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