Unit 9 Introduction to Ecology Ecosystems & Communities

The Environment Environment includes all things that an organism is exposed to during it’s life. ____________

Abiotic Factors Are all of the _____________________things in the environment. Abiotic Factors:_____________________________________________

Biotic Factors Include all of the _____________ things in the environment and their effects. Biotic Factors _____________________________

Levels of organization 1. _____________: A group of organisms that can produce ____________________

Levels of organization 2. _________________: All the members of a ______________that live together at the same _____________.

Levels of organization 3. Community: ______the _____________ things in the same area.

Levels of organization 4. _________________: The ___________ and __________ parts in one place.

Levels of organization 5. ____________: Large _________________defined by their dominant ________and ______________.

Levels of organization 6. _________________: The area on and around ____________where life exists.

Biosphere Composed of 3 parts: ______________

Review 6 Levels of organization 1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ 4. _________________ 5. _________________ 6. _________________ a. _______________________ b. _______________________ c. _______________________

Energy in the Biosphere All organisms need ______________to survive. The main _____________for energy on Earth is the _______ & _______________

Energy Flow Sun & Elements Producers (Autotrophs) Consumers (Heterotrophs) Decomposers (Heterotrophs)

Producers 1.Producers are also called _________________________ 2. Use energy from the ______________________to ____________ all the food in the world.

Photoautotrophs A. Photoautotrophs: Use energy from _________________to create food. _________________________: Process that uses solar energy to create food. Green Plants & Algae

Photoautotrophs CO 2 + Light + H 2 O  Sugar + O 2

Chemoautotrophs B. Chemoautotrophs: Use energy from __________________ materials to make food. _____________________________: Process that uses inorganic materials to create food. Some bacteria only

Chemoautotrophs 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 3H 2 S = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 3H 2 SO 4

Heterotrophs 2. Heterotrophs: Use organic materials made by _________________to obtain _____________. A. _______________________: Organisms that cannot create food. Instead, they eat other organisms to obtain energy.

Consumers 1. __________________: Only eat _______________.

Consumers 2. _____________________: Eat other ________________.

Consumers 3. ___________________: Eat both _________and ______________.

Consumers 4. _________________: Eat __________plant and animal material.

Decomposers B. Decomposers: _________________ organic matter and ____________the nutrients.

Review 1.Autotrophs a. __________________ b.__________________ 2.Heterotrophs a.Consumersb. Decomposers 1.____________________ 2.____________________ 3.____________________ 4.____________________

Trophic Levels Trophic Level: A step in either a food chain or a food web Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

Food Chains Food Chain: A series of steps in which energy is __________________ from one organism to another.

Food Webs Food Web: __________all food chains in an ecosystem together

Ecological Pyramids Ecological Pyramids: Diagrams used to show how much energy or matter exists within a trophic level. -About 10% of matter at one trophic level can be supported in the level above it but there are exceptions!

Nutrient Cycles How ______________move through the _____________________ 1.________________Cycle 2.________________Cycle 3.________________Cycle 4.________________Cycle

Water Cycle 1.Water enters the atmosphere by 1._______________________: From lakes, oceans, the ground, animals. 2._______________________: From Plant leaves

Water Cycle 1.Water leaves the atmosphere by 1._______________________: Rain, Snow, Ice 2.Organisms obtain water from _______________ & ________________

The Carbon Cycle Forms of Carbon –CO 2 –Most living materials –Organic materials Coal Oil Wood

The Carbon Cycle ______________________ uses CO 2 to create Sugars (made of carbon). __________________breaks down sugars and produces CO 2 Burning of _________ produces CO 2

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a part of _______________ that are very important in our bodies. We cannot use Nitrogen ______(N 2 ) in the atmosphere. Bacteria Change N 2 into a form plants absorb. We then ______ plants and obtain nitrogen.

Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous is a part of ________ –Genetic Material Phosphorous is a part of ________ –Energy molecule Obtain phosphorous by eating plants & other animals.

Land Biomes Land biomes are places on Earth’s surface that have the same _________________ and similar ______________ and _______________.

Forests Bosques Tropical Rain Forests Bosques tropicales lluviosos Tropical Dry Forests Bosques tropicales secos Temperate Forest Bosques templados Boreal Forests (Taiga) Bosques Boreales

Tropical Rain Forest

Tropical Dry Forest

Temperate Forest

Taiga

Grasslands Pastizales Temperate Grasslands Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) Sabana tropical

Temperate Grassland

Savanna

Deserts

Tundra

Polar Zones

Water Biomes Water biomes are classified by the _________ of water and _________________ that live there.

Freshwater Lakes Lagos Rivers Rios

Wetlands Wetlands Humedores –Marshes Marjales –Bogs Turberas –Swamps Pantanos

Wetlands

Ocean Zones Coral Reef Arrecifes de coral Open Ocean Mar Abierto Benthic Zone Zona Bentisal

Coral Reef

Open Ocean

Benthic Zone

Community Interactions How Organisms affect each other

Predation One animal (______________) eats the other animal (__________) Win / Lose

Parasitism One animal (_______________) lives inside another animal (______) and harms the host. –Eats parts of the host –Reproduces inside of the host Win / Lose

Herbivory An animal eats a plant. Win / Lose

Competition One organism _____________ another organism for food, land, water. Win / Lose

Mutualism 2 organisms _________ each other Bee gets food Plant transfers seeds Win / Win

Defense Mechanisms Mimicry Camouflage Toxins Special Structures

Mimicry One organism looks like another bad one

Camouflage Animal looks like it’s environments

Toxins

Special Structures Teeth Claws Spines