October 19, 2010 Global South

 Discuss quiz  A short discussion on Basil Davidson (which I could not get to last lecture)  Begin topic on Mainstream and Critical perspectives on development

 R-0k

 Question: what does the term ‘development’ suggest to you?

“The Industrial Revolution made some countries richer and others poorer; or more accurately, some countries made an industrial revolution and became rich; and others did not and stayed poor”

“The consequence of these advances was a growing gap between modern industrial countries and laggards, between rich and poor. In Europe in 1750, the difference between western Europe (excluding Britain) and eastern in income per head was perhaps 15 percent; in 1800, little more than 20. By 1860 it was up to 64 percent; by the 1900s, almost 80 percent”

“The same polarization, only much sharper, took place between Europe and those countries that later came to be defined as a Third World—in part because modern factory industries swallowed their old-fashioned rivals, at home and abroad”.

“All the ills that have hurt Latin America and the Middle East are exponentially compounded in sub-Saharan Africa: bad government, unexpected sovereignty, backward technology, inadequate education, bad climate, incompetent if not dishonest advice, poverty, hunger, disease, overpopulation—a plague of plagues”

“In the eighteenth century, a series of inventions transformed the manufacture of cotton in England and gave rise to a new mode or production -- the factory system. During these years, other branches of industry effected comparable advances, and all these together, mutually reinforcing one another, made possible further gains on an ever-widening front”.

 Of all the so-called developing regions, Africa has done worst: gross domestic product per head increasing, maybe, by less that 1 percent a year; statistical tables sprinkled with minus signs; many countries with lower income today than before independence.

 the substitution of machines -- rapid, regular, precise, tireless -- for human skill and effort;  the substitution of inanimate for animate sources of power;  the use of new and far more abundant raw materials, in particular, the substitution of mineral for vegetable or animal substances. [David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus, 1969]

 of natural or financial resources that the United Kingdom received from its many overseas colonies  profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean  the greater liberalisation of trade from  Protestant work ethic  Mass education

Economic growth Technological capacity Primary education

 There are traditional societies and modern societies  Development is the transition from the traditional to the modern  Modernization is that process  Development is modernization

 Modernization talks of ‘dams’ and ‘bridges’, not human beings  The concept of human development, promoted by the UN, is considered an alternative.  Main proponents of the idea Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Huq /title,10152,en.html

"The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.“ Mahbub ul Haq

Three critical concepts in this approach:  Capability refers to what people are actually able to do or be - unlike traditional development approaches which focus on how much resources they are able to command.  Functionings imply circumstances that allow people to achieve their capability “capability is thus a kind of freedom: the substantive freedom to achieve … the freedom to achieve various lifestyles)’’ Amartya K. Sen

 How do we make that judgement?  How do we compare one thing to another?  We need some criteria  For comparing development approaches, I suggest three criteria  Justice  Difference  Agency

 Justice: does the framework have a clear notion of justice? (think of modernization as an example. Is it just? Why or why not?  Difference: does the framework talk about inequality between different groups of people (divided by race, gender, caste, religious groups etc.?)  Agency: who is the agent of change? Who brings about development? (the state, individuals, international organizations, elites?)