Taxonomy

C17 Learning Targets Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity. C17.1 The History of Classification 17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

TAXONOMY: the science of classification Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

ARISTOTLE ( B.C.) First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”) “Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

Aristotle created: TWO KINGDOMS In Water In the Air On Land Trees Shrubs Herbs PLANTSANIMALS

Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne ` The Father of Modern Taxonomy

Modern Taxonomy Classification of Life

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Two word naming system Genus - first word Species - second word Describes a characteristic of the organism Latin is the language used (some Greek) (Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS 0RDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES “Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:

C17.1 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms. 2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature. 3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.

Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased. C17.2 Modern Classification

HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED: PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE MODE OF NUTRITION CLADISTICS The Cladistic Method Cladograms PHYLOGENY Evolutionary Tree BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION BREEDING BEHAVIOR STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES

Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands

17.3 Domains and Kingdoms The Three Domains of Life The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains.

THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE PLANTS ANIMALS FUNGI PROTISTS EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA

KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs/ photosynthesis Cell walls (made of cellulose) Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores Found on all types of land

KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular Eukaryotes Ingestive heterotrophs Cell membranes Specialized cells Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm Found everywhere

KINGDOM FUNGI Multicellular (most) Eukaryotes Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion) Cell walls (made of chitin) Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores Found in damp, dark environments

KINGDOM PROTISTA Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae) Plantlike (algae), animal- like (protozoans) or funguslike Sexual and/or asexual reproduction Found in aquatic habitats

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Reproduce asexually (binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation) Live in extreme habitats: 1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens) 2. Salty brines (Halophiles) 3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Binary fission and/or conjugation Some are: 1. Parasites 2. Saprophytes (saprobes) 3. Autotrophs Live everywhere

C17.3 Objective Review Questions 1. Compare the major characteristics of the three domains. 2. Explain four of the characteristics used to organize organisms into the six kingdoms.

THE END!