PIA 3090 Comparative Public Administration

Presentations 1. Golden Oldies 2. Literary Map 3. Grand Synthesis

The Issues Recruitment, Education and Training

Focus: Entry into Public Sector Patterns of Recruitment- How the Bureaucracy is Selected?

Every Man a King

Three Models of Recruitment 1. Model of merit system- Career appointments, competitive examinations, and an end to patronage 2. The recruitment of professionals and specialists contradicts with the issue of political control 3. Representation- especially majority representation relates to political accountability

4. Crisis Recruitment: War or Panic (U.K.)

Mini-Discussion What is the best way to recruit? Political Merit Representation

Recruitment Problems a. Management, eg. the Department, or the unit, often does not control recruitment b. Legislation sets the rules- merit system with civil service commission overseeing the process c. Commissions or personnel unit act as an intermediary Blocking Decisions

Recruitment in Guyana (South America)

Human Resource Development 1. The Key to Merit 2.Issue: the difference between Education and Training 3. Professional vs. Management

The Difference Training Education

Debate about the Ideal of Open (not closed) system- Importance of "Professional Class” Role of Professional Schools in producing that class. U.S model of open System

Closed vs. Open Systems: Age Equals Access to Jobs

The U.S. System Early, middle or late entry Deep political control and The possibility of "in and out"

TEN MINUTE BREAK

European Systems- Inherited by Much of World 1. Historically closed 2. Class based and 3. Limited to early entry

Arthur Boyd( )’S Painting: The Half Caste Child

Differences in Closed Classes Differences in Closed Classes-  administrative  professional  Executive  Technical  Clerical  Industrial Differing views of technical skills, law and classical education

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) Picture Taken in 1844.

Armstrong's Classification Maximum Deferred Achievement-equitable (French revolutionary and Soviet ideal, and Jacksonian Democracy- Late Decision) Maximum Ascriptive- Western European model Progressive Equal Attrition- Fail out over time U.S. and Soviet reality and aspects of Post War German system. Partly open. Fairness depends on lateral entry (in and out)

Cézanne, “Still life with skull” Monday, March 12, 2007 (French General Elections The European choice and the elites - a la' mode Française The European choice and the elites - a la' mode Française

The Debate about Affirmative Action: Primary Debates U.S. - Race and Gender Europe- Culture and Religion South Africa: Ethnicity Asia: Language

Recruitment: A Scandinavian Perspective

Territorial Administration Issue: use of Prefects for control: Geographic Administrators- appointed from the Center. Eg. Governors in Putin’s Russia Integrated vs. Un-integrated Territorial vs. Function

The French Prefet

Top Administrators a. U.K.- Oxbridge Generalist b. Russia- Engineers c. France- Legal/Technical d. Germany/Scandinavia- Legalist e. U.S.- Products of policy Schools: Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson, Syracuse

A Reflection of the U.S. Model: In Theory if and Sometimes in Practice

Unique U.S. contribution- American system internationalized from the 1950s by Foreign Aid a. Concept of training b. Public Administration- skills c. analogy- business administration and engineering as models

Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont. Deep political penetration- note surprise in South Africa Open system- Concept of representative bureaucracy

Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont.

Question/Discussion What form of bureaucratic recruitment is used in each of your “favorite” countries?

The Comarison

Comprehensive Question of the Day Armstrong's argument that education and training are critical variables in understanding "development" strategies in Western Europe and Soviet Union. Discuss. Apply them to at least one other region of the world.

The Only Game in Town

A Second Question It has been said that in terms of public sector reform, education and recruitment issues are the "only game in town." Defend or critique. How does recruitment relate to representation vs. merit issues?