The Geysers: an Injection Success Story M. Ali Khan 1

Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources – State of California The Location 2

The Geysers 3

Field Summary Area16 x 6 km = 64 sq km Wells460 Steam Wells, 75 Injection Wells Average Well Depth2,500 m Average Caprock Depth1,200 m Bottom Hole Temperature300/250 o C Reservoir Pressure500 psi /150 psi Cumulative Steam Produced2.4 trillion kg~398 million bbls Steam Production (2009)59 billion kg Injection (2009)42 billion kg Electricity Produced (2009)7.6/6.9 (gross/net) million megawatt hrs 4

The Problem Rapid Steam Production Decline The Problem Rapid Steam Production Decline

The Solution 6 Illustration courtesy of Northern California Power Agency

The Results Steam Production is Stabilized The Results Steam Production is Stabilized 7

Incremental Electricity Southeast Geysers Incremental Electricity Southeast Geysers 8

NCGs & Effluent Injection 9

10 EQ Count/yr Injection & Induced Seismicity >1.5 ( M L ) Injection & Induced Seismicity >1.5 ( M L )

11 Induced Seismicity , >1.5 (M L ) Induced Seismicity , >1.5 (M L )

12 Mass Replacement Status

Caprock 1,200 m 1,700 psi 150 psi Reservoir 13

Conclusions Additional Green Electricity Innovative Sewage Disposal Cleaner Air Emission x Induced Seismicity Years Production; added another 50 Added 200+ MWe

Say Cheese… Motion Sensor Camera is on! Say Cheese… Motion Sensor Camera is on! Thank you! 15

16 Slides after this are not for presentation!

Best Reservoir Model…

Underneath The Geysers, a mile deep A huge tea-kettle was in superheat Approaching single phase and no mate Beyond saturation point, in dry-out state Rescue came from treated human waste From the counties of Sonoma and Lake Green energy from Flush to Flash Once again, Phoenix rises from ash Piped-in, to inflate, and re-hydrate Enthalpy was a little downer, of late Plenty of micro earthquakes and shakes Scaring everybody, but no faults or breaks Nevertheless, the huge kettle lived happily After the shotgun date, with recycled waste

An Injection Well

A Production Well

A Power Plant

California Rule of Capture sınır Soru ?

24 The Problem Rapid Steam Production Decline The Problem Rapid Steam Production Decline