MARINE BIRDS

 Probably evolved from dinosaurs about 160 million years ago.  Their reptilian heritage is clearly visible in their scaly legs and claws and the configuration of their internal organs and skeleton. HISTORY

 Endotherms  Feathers  Hollow Bones  Highly Efficient Respiratory System  Lay Eggs On Land  Incubate And Care For Young CHARACTERISTICS

 Like marine reptiles, seabirds have special salt-excreting glands in their heads to eliminate the excess salt taken in with their food.  Voracious feeders  True seabirds avoid land unless breeding  Live, feed and breed near the sea – depend on sea for food  Breed in colonies (95% of seabirds) – 10s to 1000s ADAPTATIONS FOR MARINE LIFE

Only 4% of the world’s 9000 bird species are seabirds = 372 species Of the 29 orders of birds 7 contain seabirds SEABIRDS

 Spenisciformes (penguins)  Gaviiformes (divers, loons & grebes)  Procellariiformes “Tubenoses” (albatrosses, petrels & shearwaters)  Pelecaniformes (pelicans, gannets, boobies, cormorants, frigatebirds & tropicbirds)  Anseriformes (ducks & geese)  Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and auks) GROUPS

 17 species – all found south of the equator  Most are found around Antarctica (or New Zealand/Australia/Southern America)  But the Galapagos penguin lives near the equator Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Solid (not hollow) bones – so they can dive  Very hydrodynamic shape – swim up to 15 mph  Wing bones are fused – a solid flipper (instead of a wing)  Wings “fly” underwater – like sealions  Thick fat layer, plus feathers to insulate  Their feathers are like pins & not branched – denser packed  Plus behavioral adaptations (e.g. huddling) PENGUINS

 Loons are called ‘divers’ in the UK  The northern hemisphere’s answer to penguins Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Like penguins have solid (not hollow) bones  Simply by exhaling and emptying their air sacs they can become heavy enough to sink  Feet are near the backs of their bodies – greater thrust when diving  Have lobed feet (not webbed) – increased surface area  Can dive to depths of 100s of feet for several minutes  BUT – unlike penguins they can fly (although heavy) LOONS

 Unlike penguins & loons albatrosses do not spend much time in the water  Instead they fly over the ocean searching for prey  Usually found in the southern hemisphere  The albatrosses glide in the constant strong winds around Antarctica Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Long wingspan (3 - 4 m) but narrow wings – perfect for long distance gliding  They have a tube on top of their beaks –allows them to detect changes wind currents  A long hooked beak for catching fish on the wing ALBATROSSES

 Small sparrow-sized birds  They skim over the surface of the sea looking for food  Migrate to the equator during the winter  Breed in burrows to avoid predators Adaptations to the marine environment include:  They have a tube on top of their beaks –like albatrosses  Also have a hooked beak like albatrosses  Secrete excess salt through their nose tubes  Don’t glide but flap rapidly, very quickly and low over the tops of waves PETRELS

 Also skim over the surface of the sea looking for food  Pelagic – mostly hunting on the open ocean  Have a beak and nose tube like the albatross & petrel SHEARWATERS

 One of the largest groups of seabirds 67 species Adaptations to the marine environment include:  All have fully webbed feet = TOTIPALMATE  Most have an elastic pouch of skin hanging below their beak PELECANIFORMES

 Large birds (with a wingspan of up to 3m) Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Very thin hydrodynamic shape to dive into the water  They open their mouths use their throat pouches to “net” their prey PELECANIFORMES - PELICANS

 Primarily tropical Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Dive from heights of nearly 100’ onto prey  Torpedo shaped - for piercing the water’s surface PELECANIFORMES - BOOBIES

 Found in cool northern regions – nest on rocky cliffs Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Like boobies, dive onto prey from height  Can hit the water at 60mph  Skull specially adapted to absorb the force of impact, and to protect their brains from damage PELECANIFORMES - GANNETS

Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Even more streamlined for diving from height  Can dive to depths of 10 m or more  Some species are flightless with large webbed, rear situated feet  BUT their wings are not waterproof, so have to keep landing to allow their wings to dry PELECANIFORMES - CORMORANTS

 Much more agile in the air than the other pelecaniformes  Opportunistic feeders – mollusks, fish, turtles and even jellyfish  Will also frequently steal food from other seabirds PELECANIFORMES - FRIGATE BIRDS

 4 species of duck (EIDER DUCKS) are marine & 4 species of STEAMER ducks (3 are flightless)  They have soft fluffy (well insulating) feathers  The kelp goose is also marine and feeds on algae DUCKS AND GEESE

Account for nearly half of the seabird species 131 species Including 50 species of gulls 44 species of terns 22 species of auk 8 species of skua (jaeger) CHARADRIIFORMES

Adaptations to the marine environment include:  Hooked beaks, webbed feet and long powerful wings  Can’t dive like a loon, or fly like an albatross or swim as well as a cormorant – but are a “jack of all trades”  Very opportunistic feeders and able to find a niche in almost any open ocean or coastal environment CHARADRIIFORMES - GULLS

 Sometimes called “sea swallows” more graceful relative of gulls  Hunt for food rather than scavenge like gulls  Only have small webbed feet, so not good swimmers, swoop and catch prey on the wing CHARADRIIFORMES - TERNS

 Clumsy in the air but extremely good divers  Usually inhabit colder, northern hemisphere areas Adaptations to a marine environment:  Narrow, parrot like beaks, that can scoop up several small fish at a time  Use their wings to fly underwater like penguins  BUT more buoyant than penguins and have to work harder to stay underwater CHARADRIIFORMES - AUKS

Although not officially SEABIRDS, other bird species use the marine environment:  Wading birds in coastal mudflats and estuaries  Herons, Egrets & Spoonbills – freshwater, but also seen in salt marches and estuaries  Flamingos – live in salt marshes and estuaries (as well as salt lakes) – filters brine shrimp out of the water  Kingfishers  Crows – especially the fish crow. Eat fish and beach carrion  Falconformes: sea eagles and ospreys OTHERS