Fig. 15-CO, p. 406
Fig. 15-1, p. 408
Carbon dioxide Relative concentration Time (billions of years ago) Animals arise Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start First microscopic life begins consuming carbon dioxide Greenhouse warming due to high carbon dioxide level compensates for the faint, young sun Oxygen
Fig. 15-2a, p. 409
Fig. 15-2b, p. 409
Fig. 15-2c, p. 409
Table 15-1, p. 409
Fig. 15-3, p. 410
Fig. 15-3a, p. 410
Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410 Water out Spicules Amoeboid cell Pore Mesoglea Central cavity Flattened surface cells c FlagellumMicrovilliNucleus Water in d Collar cell b
Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410 Water out Central cavity Water in Collar cell Flagellum Flattened surface cells Mesoglea Pore Amoeboid cell Spicules Stepped Art Nucleus Microvilli
Fig. 15-4, p. 411
Fig. 15-5, p. 411
Fig. 15-6a, p. 412
Fig. 15-6b, p. 412
Tentacles with stinging cells Epidermal tissue Mouth Digestive cavity Interior partition Symbiotic zooxanthellae Mesenteric filaments Layers of calcium carbonate forming a skeleton b
Fig. 15-7, p. 413
Box 15-1, p. 414
Fig. 15-8, p. 415
Fig. 15-9, p. 415
Fig , p. 416
Clam Digestive tract Foot Snail Shell Squid
Fig , p. 416
Fig , p. 416
Fig , p. 417
Left gill Left mantle Muscle Shell Muscle Mouth Exhalant flow Inhalant flow Foot Right mantle Sand and debris being rejected Inhalant Palps String of mucus
Fig , p. 417
Fig a, p. 418
Fig b, p. 418
Fig , p. 418
Vertebrates (with endoskeletons) Size Arthropods (with exoskeletons) Age
Fig a, p. 419
Fig b, p. 419
Fig a, p. 420
Fig b, p. 420
Fig , p. 421
Sieve plate Ring canal Radial canal Ampulla Stone canal Transverse canal Tube feet
Fig , p. 421
Fig a, p. 422
Oral opening Atrial opening Pharynx with slits
Fig b, p. 422
Fig , p. 422
Fig , p. 423
Lancelets (like Amphioxus) Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes TunicatesAmphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Recent Uro- chordates Cephalo- chordates Ancestral vertebrates 500 Millions of years ago Ancestral chordates (probably filter feeders)
Fig a, p. 424
Fig b, p. 424
Fig , p. 425
Fig , p. 426
Fig , p. 426
Fig , p. 426
Fig , p. 427
Moray eel (1.5 m, 5 ft) Sunfish (to 2 m, 6.6 ft) Lionfish (15 cm, 6 in.) Weedy seadragon (25 cm, 10 in.) Scrawled cowfish (10 cm, 4 in.) Redfish Typical form of teleost fish (25 cm, 10 in.)
Fig a-c, p. 428
Disk Sphere Teardrop a b c
Fig d, p. 428
Fig , p. 428
Path of motion 3 1 a Eel-like fishes Moving hinge b Advanced fishes Path of motion
Fig , p. 429
Oxygen-enriched bloodOxygen-poor blood Gill arch Gill membrane a b c
Fig , p. 430
Fig a, p. 430 Salinity of fresh water = 00‰ Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–10‰ Internal fluids are saltier than the surrounding water Water gain by osmosis Does not drink Salt absorbed by gills Large volume of diluted urine removes excess water a Freshwater fish
Fig b, p. 430 Salinity of seawater = 35‰ Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–14‰ External environment is saltier than body fluids Water loss by osmosis Drinks seawater Salt excreted by special glands in gills Very small amount of urine produced by kidneys to conserve water b Marine fish
Fig , p. 431
Fig , p. 432
Fig , p. 432
Fig , p. 433
Fig a, p. 435
Fig b, p. 435
Fig a, p. 436
Humpback whale Bowhead whale Right whaleMinke whale Blue whale Fin whale Feeding on krill Sei whale Gray whale Mysticetes (baleen whales)
Fig b, p. 437
Atlantic white-sided dolphin Common dolphin Harbor porpoise Killer whale Beluga whale Bottle-nosed dolphin False killer whale Cuvier’s beaked whale Pilot whale Narwhal Pygmy sperm whale Sperm whale Squid Baird’s beaked whale m ft Odontocetes (toothed whales)
Fig , p. 438
Returning echoes Short high- frequency sound pulses
Fig a, p. 439
Fig b, p. 439
Fig , p. 439
Fig a, p. 440
Fig b, p. 440
Fig , p. 441
Fig , p. 441
Fig , p. 442