World War I “The War to End All Wars”, a.k.a: “The Big One”

1.Rise of Nationalism- A deep devotion and pride to one’s country. Prior to WWI there was great nationalistic competition between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France. 2. Sources of Nationalistic Competition Access to Resources for Industry Territories such as the Alsace-Lorraine Domination of the Balkans and Independence Movements Provide a SPECIFIC EXAMPLE of Nationalism you’ve observe In your lifetime.

3.Growth of Militarism- The growth of standing armies and munitions stockpiles. Militarism is also linked to nationalism. 4.Tangled Alliances- Complex mutual aid and cooperation agreements between European Countries, including… Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Built in opposition to France. Triple Entente- Britain, France and Russia. Smaller Countries joined the alliances of the countries they were friendly with or dominated by. Describe how MILITARISM can represent NATIONALISM. How can militarism represent national pride?

5. Major Players in Europe prior to WWI Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany Tsar Nicolas II of Russia King George V of Great Britain Wow…do you see any similarities between these guys? Describe the relationship between these three people. What Are the “links” that they share with each other?

6.Small Countries in Big Alliances- Almost 100 countries were involved in World War I, mainly as a result of the alliances. There were many cultural, territorial and other reasons for these alliances. Balkan Countries- Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia. All three were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All three had active independence movements. Serbia was especially close to Russia, particularly in regard to religion and culture. The small countries in World War I mainly followed the larger countries whose ______________ they belonged to into the war.

7.The Ottoman Empire- An empire centered in Turkey that existed for hundreds of years. Islamic and Arabic based. Led by a Sultan or Caliph Saw similar interests with German and Austro- Hungarian empires. Provide a specific reason why the Ottoman Empire would Have similar interests with other empires. What made that Relationship different from the British or Russian empires?

8.Assassination in Sarajevo A member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip,(Serbian liberation organization) shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie on June 28, Provide a more modern example of terrorism and it’s intended goal to accomplish as a result.

9.Fallout from the Assassination Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia goes to Serbia’s defense Germany attacks France via Belgium, in part suggesting French complicity Tangling alliances force European countries into sides, and war. Germany soon declares war on France, Belgium, Russia and England when it comes to Belgium and France’s defense. How did the Alliances make war inevitable? Could anything Have been done to avoid war?

10. The Schlieffen Plan- A longstanding plan designed to defeat France quickly and then transfer forces to fight Russia in the East. Which country would Germany need to invade or get permission to pass through in order to attack France? If it was your country, would you give that permission?

11.Failure of the Schlieffen Plan When Belgium refused German passage across their country, Germany attacked and Great Britain came to their defense. After initial success, Germans were on the outskirts of Paris by September 3 rd. Allies counterattacked on September 5 th in the Marne River Valley, causing the Germans to retreat 60 miles. Stalemate began and existed on the Western Front for the remainder of the war. Define and describe STALEMATE

12.Eastern Front/ War with Russia Involved conflict between Russia and Serbians on one side versus Germans, Austrians and Turks (Ottoman Empire) After initial success by the Russians, the Central Powers counter-attacked and drove the Russians back nearly to where they started. Very bloody fighting…the Russians lost millions due to their participation in the war. What is the similarity with the opening battles on the Western and Eastern fronts?

13. Total War- A conflict in which participating countries contribute all of their resources to the war effort. Also, a conflict in which there are no “off limits” targets. Many innocent lives are lost during Total War.

14. Trench Warfare- A form of warfare where opposing armies fight from trenches dug in the battlefield. During WW1, trenches were filthy, wet and vermin infested.

15. Russia’s War Effort Weakens- By 1916 Russia was not able to maintain their fighting on the Eastern Front because… Could not provide needed supplies Mostly surrounded by enemies Civil unrest at home…food riots, protests, desire to change government Driven back into Russian territory by Central Powers

16. Global Conflict- Despite the majority of fighting going on in Europe, conflict also over imperial/colonial possessions around the World… Africa Southeast Asia Middle East

17. United States Enters the War- by 1917 the United States was supporting and supplying the Allies in Europe. The Germans were not happy with that! Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Zimmerman Note- Mexico to be given back land lost to U.S. if they side with Germany in war.

On April 2, 1917 The United States declares war on The Central Powers. 18. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- Ended war between Russia and the Central Powers in March Negotiated by Lenin and the new Communist government in Russia. This eliminated the Eastern Front of the war. 19. Second Battle of the Marne- The Germans now moved all of their troops to the Western Front. After a mammoth bombardment (biggest of the war), the Germans advanced to the outskirts of Paris. They were exhausted and depleted. With American help, Allies drove them back. This was the last major effort of the war.

20. World War I Ends- The Allies drove back the defeated Germans. As the Germans withdrew, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the Austrian-Hungarian Empire fell apart due to a revolution. Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down as ruler of Germany on November 9, Armistice Day- November 11, 1918 Treaty of Versailles- June 28, 1919 Peace terms were dictated to the Central Powers, not negotiated. Huge money payments and surrender of land by the Germans. The peace agreement led to many years of impoverishment and animosity of the Germans.

14 Points- Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace in Europe after WWI. Some ideas… Let Germany rebuild Create a League of Nations It was not accepted by the French or British, and was not adopted into the Treaty of Versailles.

M.A.I.N Militarism- Growth of standing armies and munitions stockpiles. Related to nationalistic competition. Alliances- Complex mutual aid and cooperation agreements between countries. Imperialism-The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Nationalism- A deep devotion and pride to one’s country.