What do you associate with this picture? What does it suggest about what we’ll be studying in this unit? In your notebook, for each picture:

Unit Overview  4.5 weeks (now through 5/5; includes April break)  Big topics:  Israel and Palestine  The Middle East in the Cold War  Terrorism and radical Islam  Big question: how does history explain problems we face in the present?

 Egypt  Turkey  Saudi Arabia  Iran  Iraq  Israel  Jordan  Lebanon  Syria  Kuwait  Afghanistan  Pakistan

EUROPEAN COLONIALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Some terminology  Islam = a religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad  Muslim = someone who follows Islam  Arab = a member of a racial/ethnic group concentrated in the Middle East and North Africa  Not all Arabs are Muslim  Not all Muslims are Arab

Before World War I

The Ottoman Empire  Founded 1301  “Islamic, but not Islamist”  Islam = state religion  Didn’t force everyone to be Muslim  Based in Turkey (i.e., not Arab)  Competed with European empires for power, influence, and territory

Why might Europeans be interested in the Middle East? In your notebook:

Opened 1869 The Suez Canal

Oil (plus some bonus goats)

Territory for settlement (French Algeria)

Opportunism

Europe in the Muslim world, pre-WWI 1830: France takes Algeria 1839: Britain takes Aden (now Yemen) 1861: Britain takes Oman 1881: France takes Tunisia 1882: Britain takes Egypt 1899: Britain takes Sudan 1911: Italy takes Libya 1912: France takes Morocco Who controls Arabia in 1914? Ottomans Arabs

The Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans in WWI  Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers  : The Arab Revolt  Britain encourages uprisings in Ottoman territories  Britain promises to support independence for Arab states

The Sykes-Picot Agreement  Signed 1916 between France and Britain  Secret agreement  Agreed to divide up former Ottoman territories among Britain and France  Contradicted Britain’s promises to the Arabs

The End of WWI  1918: Allies win  Ottoman Empire divided into ‘mandates’ – areas of control  Arabs move from Turkish to European rule