Amendment - An addition to a formal document such as the constitution. Annex - To add a territory to one’s own territory. Antifederalists - Individuals who opposed ratification of the constitution.

Boycott - To refuse to buy a particular country. Backcountry - A region of hills and forest west of the Tide-water. Burgesses - Elected representatives to an assembly.

Cash Crop - Farm crop raised to be sold for money. Cede - To give up by treaty. Civil War - Conflict between opposing groups of citizens of the same country.

Depression - a period of law economic activity and wide spread unemployment. Diversity - Variety or difference. Draft - The selections of persons for required military services.

Electoral College - A special group of voters selected by their state’s voters to vote for the president and vice president. Emancipate - To free from slavery. Export - To sell goods aboard.

Federalists - Supporters of the constitution. Freedman - A person freed from slavery. Fugitive - Runaway or trying to run away.

Global Warming - A steady increase in average world temperature. Genocide - The delibrate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. Guerilla Warfare - A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war ; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes.

Holocaust - The name given to the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War 2. Horizontal Integration - The combining of competing firms into one corporations. Human Rights - Rights reguarded as belongings to all persons.

Import - To buy goods from foreign markets. Industrial revolution - The change from an agrarian society to one based on industry which began in Great Britain and spread to the U.S in the 1800’s. Impressment - forcing people service, as in the navy.

Joint-Stock Company - A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return tor a share of its future profits. Judicial Branch - The branch of government, including the federal court system, that interprets the nation’s laws. Judicial Review - The right of the supreme court to determine if a law violates the constitution.

Kansas- Nebraska Act - Popular sovereignty to see which state would be free and which state would be slave. Knox, Henry - Secretary of war. Key, Francis Scott - wrote a poem called the, “ Star Spangled Banner.”

Laissez-Faire - Policy that government should interfere as little possible in the nation economy. Legislature Branch - The branch of government that makes the nation’s laws. Loyalists - American colonist who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Manifest Destiny - the idea popular in the U.S during the 1800’s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific. Manumission - The freeing of some enslaved persons. Mercantilism - The theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth.

Neutral - Taking no side in a conflict. Nonimportation - The act of not importing or using certain goods. Nullify - To cancel or make ineffective.

Offensive - Position of attacking or the attack itself. Ordinance - A law or regulation. Override - To over turn or defeat.

Partisan - Favoring one side of an issue. Petition - A formal request. Pilgrimage - A journey to a holy place.

Quakers - They believed that every individual had an inner light that could guide him or her to salvation. Quebec, Battle of - British general James Wolfe attack perched high on a cliff over looking the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. Quebec Act - Set up a permanent government for Quebec and granted religious freedom to French Catholics.

Radical - Extreme. Ratify - To give official approval to. Repeal - To cancel an act or law.

Secede - To leave or withdraw from. Secession - Withdrawal from the Union. Suffrage - The right to vote.

Tariff - A tax on Imports or exports. Toleration - The acceptance of different beliefs. Tribute - Money paid for protection.

Unalienable Right - A right that cannot be surrendered. Unconstitutional - Not agreeing or consistent with the constitution. Underground Railroad - A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the south to freedom in the north.

Vaquers - Hispanic ranch hand. Veto - To reject a bill and prevent it from becoming a law. Vigilantes - People who take the law into their own hands.

War Hawks - Republicans during Madison’s presidency who pressed for war with Britain. Writ of Assistance - legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled.

XYZ Affairs - Adams referred to the three agents as x, y, z the president urged congress to prepare for war.

Yankee - Union soldier. Yellow Journalism - A type of sensational, biased, and often false reported. Yeoman - Southern owner of a small farm who did not have enslaved people.

Zenger, John peter - In 1735 he faced charges of libel for printing a critical report about the royal governor of New York. Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger by asking the jury to base its decision on whether Zenger’s article was true, not whether it was offensive. The jury found Zenger not guilty.