118 week 9 Varieties of Control Theories… and a last minute lecture on APA referencing

APA Referencing… 1. Beccarius 2. Becarria 3. Beccaris 4. Beccardia 5. Beccaria 6. Beccatia 7. Beccarria

APA Referencing… 1. Cullin and Agnew 2. Agnews and Cullen 3. Agnew and Cullen 4. Cullen and Agnew 5. Collins and Agnew 6. Gullen and Agnews 7. Agnow and Collin

Reference list Beccaria, C. (2006). ‘Of Crimes and Punishments’. In Cullen, F. and Agnew, R. (Eds.). Criminological Theory: Past to Present, Essential Readings, (3 rd Edn), New York: Roxbury Press, pp 438 – 562.

APA Referencing… Do NOT quote lecture notes  Find the information in a book/article Do NOT quote an original source unless you’ve read it yourself Do quote EVERY time you are using information that you didn’t make up Do follow APA style referencing conventions…

APA Referencing…

APA Referencing… This is how you cite information that “comes verbatim from another source” (Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 41). This is how you cite information that you paraphrase and put into your own words (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).

APA Referencing This is how you cite information that came from a secondary source, when you did not read the original (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003). This is how you cite their work “if you use their specific words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 56).

APA Referencing… Cullen and Agnew (2003) argue that it is acceptable to start a sentence with the authors’ names, but the date must be included. However, other theorists have proposed that “if you use specific words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003; 78) you must include the citation in the middle of the sentence.

APA Referencing… If a source has three or more authors you must use all their names the first time you cite them (Knight, Prentky & Burton, 1998). Knight et al. (1998) explain that this is the appropriate way to cite them later. This is the appropriate thing to do at the end of the sentence (Knight et al., 1998).

And finally… …a little PR goes a long way PROOFREAD PRIOR to PRESSING PRINT

Introduction Early Control Theories:  Reckless  Toby Modern Control Theories:  Hirschi  Gottfredson and Hirschi  Hagan

Introduction Why don’t people commit crime? Anyone can be a criminal Some people are more controlled than others Delinquency is a failure of control

Early Control Theories Containment Theory (Reckless)  Two motivations Pushes (predispositions) to crime Pulls (incentives) to crime  Two containments Inner (self control, conscience) Outer (family, friends) Stakes in Conformity (Toby) The more you have, the more you have to lose

Hirschi – Self Control Theory People must be constrained to conform Direct control  Actual restrictions and punishments Indirect control  Affectional identification with parents Internal control  Conscience or guilt

Hirschi – Self Control Theory 4 Social Bonds  Attachment  Commitment  Involvement  Belief

Hirschi – Self Control Theory Theory testing  Empirical support?  Hirschi made it cool – watershed moment for empirical criminology Critique…  Serious delinquency?  Peer group effect?  Uniformity of measures

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime Hirschi changed his mind… Merged classical choice theories with self control and borrowed the idea of social bonds within the family Redirected attention to parents

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime Crime:  ‘acts of force or fraud in the pursuit of self interest’  Nature of crime  Analogous behaviors Crime occurs in the presence of opportunity and a lack of self control

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime Self Control  differential tendency to avoid crime, no matter what situation you’re in  Nature of individuals with low self control Opportunity  Explains more variation in crime than self control only  Opportunities vary – if absent, a lack of self control alone will not result in crime

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime Specialisation and Versatility  ‘commit a wide variety of criminal acts with no strong inclination to pursue a specific criminal act or a pattern of criminal acts to the exclusion of others’ Reactive labels (not predictive) Correlates of crime Stability Postulate Versatility Postulate Age-Crime Curve (age crime relationship)

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime Causes of low self control?  Monitoring  Recognizing  Correcting Strengths Critique…

Hagan – Power Control Theory Men are more criminal than women Why?

Hagan – Power Control Theory Patriarchal Family  Husband works outside the home  Husband has more power than wife  Gender inequality comes from economic inequality  Sons are taught to be independent  Daughters are raised in ‘cult of domesticity’

Hagan – Power Control Theory Egalitarian Family  Husband and wife have more similar employment  Sons and daughters both prepared for the workforce  Sons and daughters both encouraged to play sports, be assertive, explore new horizons

Hagan – Power Control Theory What family should breed more crime? Empirical support? Critique…